The sermon contrasts the Old Covenant of law with the New Covenant of grace, using Exodus 32 and 2 Corinthians 3 to illustrate the shift from external standards to internal transformation. It argues that the law serves as a mirror to reveal sin and prepare hearts for faith, while the Holy Spirit writes God's will on human hearts, granting life and righteousness. The preacher emphasizes that true obedience and worship originate from an inward renewal by the Spirit rather than mere outward religious observance. Believers are described as being progressively transformed into the image of Christ through beholding His glory, moving from condemnation to freedom in the Spirit. This ministry of the Spirit exceeds the glory of the old covenant by offering a permanent, internal relationship with God through Jesus Christ.