Part I
The exosome is a conserved 3´- 5´ exoribonuclease complex involved in cellular
RNA metabolic processes in eukaryotes and archaea. Its involvement in the
accurate processing of nuclear RNA precursors and in the degradation of RNA in
both nucleus and cytoplasm implies a central function in the eukaryotic RNA
surveillance machinery. This widespread function implies the ability of the
exosome to distinguish between RNA substrates that should be matured by the
removal of nucleotides to a precisely defined end point, and defective RNAs that
undergo rapid and complete degradation. However, the structural and molecular
mechanisms of processive 3´- 5´ RNA degradation and substrate specificity
remain unclear.
To obtain insights into the structural and functional organization of the exosome, I
determined crystal structures of two 230 kDa nine subunit exosome isoforms from
Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Both exosome isoforms contain a hexameric ring of
RNase PH-like domain subunits Rrp41 and Rrp42 with a central chamber. A trimer
of Rrp4 or Csl4 subunits is situated on one side of the RNase PH domain ring and
forms a multidomain macromolecular interaction surface with central S1 domains
and peripheral KH and zinc-ribbon domains. Tungstate soaks identified three
phosphorolytic active sites inside the central processing chamber. Additional
structural and functional results suggest that the S1 domains of Rrp4 or Csl4
subunits and a subsequent neck in the RNase PH domain ring form an RNA entry
pore that only allows access of unstructured RNA to the active sites. The structural
results presented here can not only mechanistically unify observed features of
exosomes, including processive 3´ RNA degradation of unstructured RNA, the
requirement for regulatory factors and coactivators to degrade structured RNA,
and the precision in processing RNA species to a defined length. But the high
conservation of the archaeal exosome to the eukaryotic exosome and its
additional high structural similarity to bacterial mRNA-degrading PNPase suggest
a common basis for 3´ RNA-degradation in all kingdoms of life. Furthermore, the
structure of the archaeal exosome reveals remarkable architectural and functional
similarities to the protein degrading proteasome.
Part II
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dependent nucleic acid unwinding by superfamily 2
(SF2) helicases is required for numerous biological processes, including DNA
recombination, RNA decay and viral replication. The structural and molecular
mechanism for processive duplex unwinding of SF2 helicases is still unclear, in
part due to a lack of structural insights into the actual strand separation reaction.
Archaeal SF2 helicase Hel308 preferentially unwinds lagging strands at replication
forks and is closely sequence related to human PolΘ and Hel308 as well as
Drosophila Mus308. Furthermore, the RecA ATPase-core of archaeal Hel308
shares high sequence conservation to the SF2 RNA decay factors Ski2p and
Mtr4p. Thus, archaeal Hel308 appears as representative model to understand
processive 3´- 5´ DNA unwinding by SF2 helicases.
During this PhD thesis crystal structures of Archaeogloubs fulgidus Hel308
(afHel308) in the absence and presence of a 15mer duplex DNA containing a
10mer 3´-overhang were determinded using X-ray crystallography. afHel308
exhibits two typical SF2 RecA-like domains at the N-terminus. The C-terminus
comprises a winged-helix (WH) domain, followed by a unique seven-helix-bundle
domain and a helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain. The DNA bound structure captures
the initial duplex separation and argues that initial strand separation does not
require ATP binding. Comparison with ATP bound SF2 enzymes suggests that
ATP binding and hydrolysis promotes processive unwinding of one base pair by a
ratchet like transport of the 3’ product strand. In addition, the structure suggests
that unwinding is promoted by a prominent β-hairpin loop. The identification of
similar β-hairpin loops in Hepatitis C virus (HCV)