1. Introduction:
   • Backdrop: Highlighting the 2015 publications from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review.
   • Objective: Navigating through a year marked by economic debates, policy discussions, and nuanced macroeconomic analyses.
2. Fourth Quarter 2015, Vol. 97, No. 4:
   • Federal Reserve Cities: Unraveling "Economics and Politics in Selecting Federal Reserve Cities: Why Missouri Has Two Reserve Banks" by Wheelock.
   • Microfoundations of Money: Pondering over "Why They Matter" with Waller.
   • Forward Guidance in Central Banking: Reviewing "How Effective Is Central Bank Forward Guidance?" by Kool and Thornton.
   • Price, Free Trade, and Equalization: Breaking down "Price Equalization Does Not Imply Free Trade" with insights from Mutreja, Ravikumar, Riezman, and Sposi.
3. Third Quarter 2015, Vol. 97, No. 3:
   • Fear of Monetary Policy Liftoff: Analyzing "Fear of Liftoff: Uncertainty, Rules, and Discretion in Monetary Policy Normalization" by Orphanides.
   • Human Capital's Role in Development: Delving into "Human Capital and Development" with Manuelli.
   • Monetary Policy in Small Open Economies: Scrutinizing "The Role of Exchange Rate Rules" with Santacreu.
   • US Monetary Policy Dynamics: Understanding "A Model of U.S. Monetary Policy Before and After the Great Recession" by Andolfatto.
   • Laffer Curve Discussions: Debating "Quantitative Macro Versus Sufficient Statistic Approach: A Laffer Curve Dilemma?" by Badel.
4. Second Quarter 2015, Vol. 97, No. 2:
   • US Monetary Policy Normalization: Reviewing the insights of Williamson.
   • Budget Balances in OECD: Inspecting "Common Fluctuations in OECD Budget Balances" with Neely and Rapach.
   • US Leading Foreign Business Cycles?: Understanding "Does the United States Lead Foreign Business Cycles?" through Francis, Owyang, and Soques.
   • Informal Employment and Policy Design: Discussing "How Does Informal Employment Affect the Design of Unemployment Insurance and Employment Protection?" with Espino and Sánchez.
5. First Quarter 2015, Vol. 97, No. 1:
   • Interest Rates in Transition: Breaking down "Three Scenarios for Interest Rates in the Transition to Normalcy" by Cooke and Gavin.
   • Measuring Price Pressures: Diving into the perspectives of Jackson, Kliesen, and Owyang.
   • Country Level Risk Aversion: Investigating "Risk Aversion at the Country Level" with Gándelman and Hernández-Murillo.
   • Business Cycles and Trading Technologies: Reviewing "The Welfare Cost of Business Cycles with Heterogeneous Trading Technologies" by Chien.

1. Introduction:
   • Backdrop: A journey through the 2016 publications from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review.
   • Objective: Delve into the macroeconomic trends, policies, and societal shifts revealed in these papers.
2. Fourth Quarter 2016, Vol. 98, No. 4:
   • Unemployment Nuances: Scrutinizing "Duration Dependence and Composition in Unemployment Spells" by Eubanks and Wiczer.
   • Nowcasting U.S. GDP: A look into "A Macroeconomic News Index for Constructing Nowcasts of U.S. Real Gross Domestic Product Growth" with Grover, Kliesen, and McCracken.
   • Small Business Partnership Dynamics: Understanding "Stylized Facts on the Organization of Small Business Partnerships" by Espino, Kozlowski, and Sánchez.
   • Optimal Capital Taxation: Delving into "Optimal Ramsey Capital Taxation with Endogenous Government Spending" by Chien and Lee.
3. Third Quarter 2016, Vol. 98, No. 3:
   • Distressed Residential Property: Investigating "Sales of Distressed Residential Property" with insights from Cohen, Coughlin, and Yao.
   • China's Industrial Revolution: Understanding "The Visible Hand: The Role of Government in China’s Long-Awaited Industrial Revolution" by Wen and Fortier.
   • Public Debt Policy: Discussing "A Taylor Rule for Public Debt" by Azariadis.
   • Monetary Policy in Oil Economies: Delving into "Monetary Policy in an Oil-Exporting Economy" with Hamann, Bejarano, Rodríguez, and Restrepo-Echavarria.
4. Second Quarter 2016, Vol. 98, No. 2:
   • Permazero Explained: Deciphering "Permazero" by James Bullard.
   • Secular Stagnation: Analyzing "Secular Stagnation and Monetary Policy" with Lawrence H. Summers.
   • Dynamics of Dynamic Insurance Contracts: Unpacking "Market Power and Asset Contractibility in Dynamic Insurance Contracts" by Karaivanov and Martin.
   • Youth Unemployment & Student Loans: Understanding "Student Loans Under the Risk of Youth Unemployment" with Monge-Naranjo.
5. First Quarter 2016, Vol. 98, No. 1:
   • Central Bank Challenges: Discussing "Three Challenges to Central Bank Orthodoxy" by Bullard and Kliesen.
   • U.S. International Trade: A closer look at "A Regional Look at U.S. International Trade" with Dvorkin and Shell.
   • Relative Income Paradigms: Delving into "Relative Income Traps" by Arias and Wen.
   • Aging, Wealth, and Inequality: Unraveling "Aging and Wealth Inequality in a Neoclassical Growth Model" by Vandenbroucke.

1. Introduction:
   • Backdrop: A dive into the 2018 publications from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review.
   • Objective: To shed light on the economic shifts, developments in technology, and broader societal impacts as discussed in these academic papers.
2. Fourth Quarter 2018, Vol. 100, No. 4:
   • Measuring Potential Output: Discussion on "Comparing Measures of Potential Output" by Guisinger, Owyang, and Shell.
   • Innovation & Technology in Trade: Analyzing "Domestic Innovation and International Technology Diffusion" by Santacreu and Zhu.
   • Digital Transactions and Privacy: A perspective on "Payment Systems and Privacy" with Charles Kahn.
   • Credit, Unemployment, & Inequality: An exploration into "Effects of Credit Supply on Unemployment and Income Inequality" by Bandyopadhyay, Dinopoulos, and Unel.
3. Third Quarter 2018, Vol. 100, No. 3:
   • Executive Compensation Examined: Diving into "How Well Does Agency Theory Explain Executive Compensation?" by Gayle, Li, and Miller.
   • Income Dynamics of Top Earners: A look into "Top Earners: Cross-Country Facts" by Badel, Daly, Huggett, and Nybom.
   • Institutional Barriers & Income Differences: Understanding "Institutional Barriers and World Income Disparities" with insights from Wang, Wong, and Yip.
   • Influence of Parental Factors on Education: Discussing "Intergenerational Mobility and Parental Influences" by Gayle, Golan, and Soytas.
4. Second Quarter 2018, Vol. 100, No. 2:
   • Demystifying Blockchain: Breaking down "Blockchain: What It Is and Why You Probably Don’t Need One" by Andolfatto.
   • Central Bank & Digital Money: Exploring "The Case for Central Bank Electronic Money vs. Cryptocurrencies" by Berentsen and Schär.
   • Bitcoin's Resource Implications: Delving into "Is Bitcoin a Waste of Resources?" with Stephen Williamson.
   • Remembering Allan Meltzer: A tribute to "Allan Meltzer and the Search for a Nominal Anchor" by Bullard.
   • Central Banking & Inflation Control: Analyzing perspectives by Williamson and Gavin on inflation control and monetary policies.
   • Basel Accord's Impact: Discussing the policy implications in "The Basel Accord and Financial Intermediation" by Berka and Zimmermann.
5. First Quarter 2018, Vol. 100, No. 1:
   • Cryptocurrency Introduction: Understanding the basics with "A Short Introduction to the World of Cryptocurrencies" by Berentsen and Schär.
   • Founding of the Fed: Delving into the historic "Furnishing of an 'Elastic Currency'" and the evolution of U.S. banking with Carlson and Wheelock.
   • Economic Cycles: Examining "Credit Cycles and Business Cycles" by Azariadis.
   • Size & Economic Distortions: A deep dive into "The Aggregate Implications of Size-Dependent Distortions" by Roys.

Episode Notes:1. Introduction: - Backdrop: A look into the 2019 publications from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. - Objective: Understand the changing dynamics of economies, policies, and global impacts as discussed in these papers.2. Fourth Quarter 2019, Vol. 101, No. 4: - Defining Core Inflation: Breaking down the "Two Measures of Core Inflation" comparison by Dolmas and Koenig. - Economic Growth Puzzles: Delving into "Growth and the Kaldor Facts" as discussed by Herrendorf, Rogerson, and Valentinyi. - Capital Flow Debates: Exploring the concept "Should Capital Flow from Rich to Poor Countries?" with Monge-Naranjo, Sánchez, Santaeulalia-Llopis, and Sohail. - The Value of Higher Education: A critical view on "Is College Still Worth It? The New Calculus of Falling Returns" presented by Emmons, Kent, and Ricketts.3. Third Quarter 2019, Vol. 101, No. 3: - Debt Dynamics: Investigating "What Determines Debt Maturity?" by Manuelli. - Bank Asset Management: A look at "How Have Banks Been Managing the Composition of High-Quality Liquid Assets?" by Ihrig, Kim, Vojtech, and Weinbach. - Bank Capital Analysis: Evaluating "An Empirical Economic Assessment of the Costs and Benefits of Bank Capital in the US" with Firestone, Lorenc, and Ranish. - Job Switching & Earnings: Examining "Occupational Mobility and Lifetime Earnings" through the perspectives of Shin and Yuen.4. Second Quarter 2019, Vol. 101, No. 2: - Monetary Policy Nuances: Diving deep into "Gauging Market Responses to Monetary Policy Communication" with insights from Kliesen, Levine, and Waller. - Trade & Monetary Policy: Unpacking "International Trade Openness and Monetary Policy: Evidence from Cross-Country Data" by Leibovici. - Asset Market Dynamics: Analyzing "The Real Term Premium in a Stationary Economy with Segmented Asset Markets" as discussed by Chien and Lee. - Race & Job Matches: A fresh perspective on "Racial Gaps, Occupational Matching, and Skill Uncertainty" with Golan and Sanders.5. First Quarter 2019, Vol. 101, No. 1: - Low Inflation Conundrum: Understanding "Lowflation" as presented by Andolfatto and Spewak. - Inflation Factors: Examining the elements like Shanghai, Saudi Arabia, and supply chains in "How Have They Affected U.S. Inflation Dynamics?" by Forbes. - Working Hours Revisions: Discussing "Data Revisions of Aggregate Hours Worked" and its implications by Bick, Brüggemann, and Fuchs-Schündeln. - Politics & Economic Polarization: Delving into "Pork-Barrel Politics and Polarization" by Hedlund.Outro: Summarizing the crucial economic shifts, trends, and discussions presented throughout 2019 in the FRED reviews. Encouraging listeners to dive into individual publications for more nuanced insights and understanding. Giving a sneak peek into what the next episode holds, welcoming feedback, and expressing gratitude for the continued listenership.

1. Introduction:
   • Backdrop: The Great Recession and its impact on the American economy.
   • Focus of Discussion: Understanding the specific financial repercussions on young adults, with data from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis REVIEW by economists Lisa J. Dettling and Joanne W. Hsu.
2. Financial Overview Pre and Post Recession:
   • Diving into Data: An exploration of the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) data from 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, and 2013.
   • Net Worth Woes: Addressing the 44% decline in the median net worth of young adults from 2007 to 2013. Delving into factors contributing to this steep decline.
3. The Burden of Debt:
   • Education Expenses: Examining the surge in student loan debt from 34% in 2001 to 50% in 2013, with a spotlight on escalating higher education costs.
   • Silver Lining: While student debt saw an increase, home ownership and retirement accounts among young adults also saw an uptick, suggesting some financial stability.
4. Building Wealth Amidst Challenges:
   • Diverse Asset Allocation: The tendency of young adults to veer away from stocks and bonds compared to their middle-aged counterparts, potentially affecting long-term wealth accumulation.
   • Path Forward: While challenges are evident, opportunities for wealth building still exist, emphasizing resilience and adaptability.
5. Implications and Recommendations:
   • Lifetime Wealth Accumulation: Discussing how current financial trends among young adults might affect their wealth trajectory in the future.
   • Policy Interventions: Stressing the importance of addressing student loan debt, and ensuring access to credit for young adults to ensure they have the tools to navigate future financial challenges.

1. Introduction:
   • State of Affairs: Exploring the escalating costs of college education and the subsequent rise in student loans.
   • Impact of Student Debt: Discussion on how student debt impedes young adults from pivotal life experiences and its implications on mental well-being.
2. The Ripple Effect of Student Debt:
   • Long-term Impact: Delving into how student loans can curtail financial freedom, entrepreneurship, and saving potential.
   • Emotional Toll: Addressing the psychological stress and potential mental health issues resulting from financial strain.
3. Parental College Savings as a Proactive Solution:
   • Benefit Breakdown: Understanding how parental savings can pave the way for a smoother transition from college to the workforce for young adults.
   • Popular Savings Tools: Detailed look into 529 plans and Coverdell Education Savings Accounts, their benefits, and how they can assist in achieving educational financial goals.
4. Beyond Savings – Addressing the Core Problem:
   • Redefining Need-based Aid: The necessity to realign aid to cater more efficiently to students from low-income backgrounds.
   • Investment in Public Education: Advocating for increased funding in public institutions to relieve the burden of tuition fees.
5. Conclusion and Call to Action:
   • Harnessing Collective Power: Emphasizing the collective responsibility of parents, institutions, and policymakers to prioritize affordable education.
   • Future Outlook: Envisioning a future where every student has access to quality education without the looming cloud of debt.

1. Introduction:
   • Defining Financial Fragility: Understanding the state of being financially vulnerable and the various factors contributing to it.
   • The Young Adult Quandary: Highlighting the challenges faced by young adults who are just starting to navigate the financial world.
2. Diving into the Research:
   • Source and Significance: Discussing the findings from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis REVIEW.
   • Main Takeaways: Analyzing the relationship between savings account ownership, asset diversification, and wealth accumulation over a span of 48 months.
3. The Power of Savings:
   • A Stepping Stone: How a savings account can serve as a primary tool to start building financial stability.
   • Beyond Just Savings: The cascading benefits of savings accounts, from building credit history to opening up more financial opportunities.
4. Facing Financial Vulnerabilities:
   • Common Challenges: Delving into the reasons many young adults do not have savings accounts or maintain low balances.
   • The Domino Effect: Understanding the repercussions of not having a financial safety net and how it can lead to further financial instability.
5. Strategies for Promoting Savings:
   • Financial Literacy: The importance of imparting knowledge on savings and financial management to young adults.
   • Policy Interventions: Discussing potential policies like tax credits or matching contributions to motivate and assist savings efforts.
6. Closing Thoughts:
   • The Collective Responsibility: Recognizing the role of institutions, policymakers, and society in guiding young adults towards financial stability.
   • The Personal Responsibility: Encouraging young adults to take proactive steps, no matter how small, towards building their financial resilience.