This week's 5 Minute Volcano is Milna in the Kuril Islands of Russia. This remote volcano in the Kuril Islands is a series of lava domes that have filled in the collapse crater of an ancestral volcano on Simushir Island.

Some links to information used in this episode:

• Global Volcanism Program's page on Milna.
• Information on the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench.
• Details on Goriaschaia Sopka, the most recently active dome on Milna.
• Wikipedia page about John Milne, the namesake of Milna.

This week's music was "Strange" by R.E.M.

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This week's 5 Minute Volcano is Llullaillaco, straddling the Chilean/Argentine border. It is the tallest historically active volcano on Earth, last erupting in 1877. It is also the home of the "Children of Llullaillaco", three sacrificed Incans remarkably well preserved by the arid cold of the high Andes.

Here are some links to information about Llullaillaco:

• The Global Volcanism Program page on the volcano.
• Two NASA Earth Observatory posts, one on Llullaillaco itself and one with a wider view of the Parque Nacional Llullaillaco.
• A close up view (well, from space) of the youthful dacite lava flows on the flanks of the volcano.
• An article looking at the Incan mummies found on the volcano.
• A PDF of the 2001 article from the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research by Richards and Villeneuve on Llallaillaco.

This week's music was "El Pico" by Ratatat.

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This week's 5 Minute Volcano takes us to the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Russia. Terpuk is a remote shield volcano that captures some of the odd magmatic and tectonic processes happening way up in the northern end of the peninsula. 

Some sources for this episode:

• The Global Volcanism Program's page on Terpuk.
• A short paper on the timing of volcanism in northern Kamchatka by M.M. Pevzner.
• A map showing the complex tectonics of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
• A short paper on the origin of the odd lavas from the Sredinny Ridge by Nekrylov and colleagues.
• A longer look in Lithos on the magmatic processes at work in the Sredinny Ridge area by Anna Volynet and colleagues.

This week's music was "More News from Nowhere" by Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds.

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This week's 5 Minute Volcano heads to the middle of the Atlantic Ocean as I explore Terceira in the Azores. Although in some ways, the Azores (and Terceira) are like Hawai'i, they are also quite different thanks to the complicated tectonic setting that combines a hotspot, a divergent boundary and a triple junction where three plates meet.

Some sources for this week's episode:

• Global Volcanism Program page for Terceira.
• Earth Magazine look at the Azores.
• Volcano World: Tectonics of the Azores.
• Casas and others (2018) paper on the 1998-2001 activity at Terceira.
• Pimental and others (2021) paper on the explosive eruptions of Terceira.
• News article on the lowering of the alert status at Terceira in 2024.

This week's music was Portugal. The Man's "Feel It Still".

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This week's episode of 5 Minute Volcano heads to central Africa to look at one of the largest volcanoes in the East African Rift. Karisimbi is next door to more famous volcanoes like Nyiragongo, but even if it might have have erupted in thousands of years, it has still produced deadly volcanic hazards. However, it might also be the source of green energy for Rwanda and the region. And yes, still not 5 minutes. 

Some sources for this week's episode:

• GVP page for Karisimbi
• 2010's deadly lahars at Karisimbi.
• Assessment for the geothermal potential at Karisimbi.

This week's music was "Warm Heart of Africa" by the Very Best.

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In the debut episode of 5 Minute Volcano, I head to Indonesia to talk about Lewotolok on Lembata Island. And yes, the first episode of 5 Minute Volcano is 9 minutes long. I'll get better.

Check out some of my sources for this episode:

• GVP page for Lewotolok
• de Hoog and Van Bergen (2000) paper on zirconolite.
• Indonesia Tectonics from Pranantyo and Cummins (2019)

This week's music was "Superblaster" by Curve from their album Cuckoo.

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