Less than a month after the removal of the Klamath River dams, members of the Yurok, Karuk, and Hoopa Valley Tribes gathered along the riverbanks to witness a moment they had dreamed of for decades. Salmon, long denied access to their ancestral spawning grounds, were returning, leaping through newly opened waterways on their journey upstream. For these tribes, the salmon’s return is more than a natural phenomenon—it is a profound cultural and spiritual milestone. The sight of these fish reclaiming their waters symbolizes resilience, justice, and the unbreakable connection between people and the natural world. The Klamath River has always been a lifeline for the Indigenous peoples of the region, sustaining their diets, traditions, and spiritual practices. For centuries, the river and its salmon runs represented abundance and renewal, woven into the fabric of tribal identity. When the dams were constructed in the early 20th century, blocking salmon migration and degrading the river’s health, the tribes experienced not only environmental devastation but also cultural and spiritual loss. Over the decades, tribal leaders emerged as powerful advocates for the river’s restoration, fighting tirelessly to remove the barriers that had disrupted their way of life. The removal of the Klamath River dams in 2024 marks a turning point, not only for the river’s ecosystem but also for the Indigenous communities that have championed its restoration. It is a story of environmental justice and cultural revival, demonstrating the power of perseverance and the importance of centering Indigenous leadership in conservation efforts. The salmon’s return is a testament to what can be achieved when people work together to heal the wounds of the past and restore balance to the natural world. Part 2: The Klamath River and Its Cultural Significance to Indigenous Tribes For the Indigenous peoples of the Klamath Basin, the river is more than a geographical feature—it is a living entity, a source of life and a sacred being deserving of respect and care. The Yurok, Karuk, and Hoopa Valley Tribes have lived along the Klamath River for thousands of years, building their cultures and communities around its waters. The salmon, in particular, hold a central place in their traditions, symbolizing abundance, resilience, and the interconnectedness of all life. In the Yurok language, the word for salmon, “Pulik,” is often spoken with reverence, reflecting the fish’s role as both a provider and a spiritual guide. Ceremonies marking the start of the salmon run are among the most important events in the tribal calendar, bringing communities together to honor the river and express gratitude for its gifts. Oral traditions passed down through generations tell stories of how salmon taught humans the importance of reciprocity and balance, lessons that remain central to tribal worldviews. The construction of the Klamath River dams disrupted this deep connection, severing salmon migration routes and decimating fish populations. For the tribes, the loss of the salmon was not just an ecological tragedy but a cultural and spiritual crisis. Ceremonies tied to the salmon run became reminders of what had been taken away, and the river, once a symbol of abundance, became a site of struggle and mourning. Despite these challenges, the tribes never abandoned their role as stewards of the Klamath River. Their worldview, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of humans and nature, fueled their determination to protect and restore the river for future generations. Tribal leaders argued that the health of the river was inseparable from the health of their communities, making the fight for dam removal a matter of survival and justice. Part 3: Decades of Tribal Advocacy and Collaboration The path to removing the Klamath River dams was long and fraught with challenges, but it was ultimately made possible by decades of tireless advocacy from Indigenous tribes, supported by environmental organizations, scientists, and policymakers. For the Yurok, Karuk, and Hoopa Valley Tribes, the struggle to restore the river was deeply personal, tied not only to the health of their environment but also to the preservation of their cultural identity. Over time, these efforts coalesced into one of the most significant ecological restoration projects in U.S. history, setting a powerful example of what can be achieved when diverse groups unite around a common goal. The fight to restore the Klamath River began in earnest in the 1980s, as tribal leaders sought to address the devastating impacts of the dams on salmon populations and water quality. At the heart of their advocacy was a simple but powerful message: the river must flow freely for life to thrive. This message resonated with environmental organizations, which joined forces with the tribes to build a case for dam removal grounded in both cultural significance and scientific evidence. One of the early milestones in this journey was the recognition of tribal fishing rights under federal law. For decades, the tribes had fought to reclaim their right to fish along the Klamath River, a practice that had been severely restricted due to declining salmon populations. Legal victories affirmed these rights, strengthening the tribes’ position as stewards of the river and reinforcing their calls for comprehensive restoration efforts. By the late 1990s, the push to remove the Klamath River dams had gained momentum, bolstered by growing public awareness of the environmental harm caused by the structures. Studies showed that the dams were no longer economically viable, generating relatively little electricity while imposing significant ecological costs. This shift in perception opened the door to negotiations between the tribes, government agencies, and the owner of the dams, PacifiCorp, a utility company. The turning point came in 2010 with the signing of the Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement (KHSA), which laid the groundwork for the eventual removal of the dams. The agreement represented a landmark moment in collaborative conservation, bringing together stakeholders with often conflicting interests, including farmers, fishers, environmentalists, and tribal leaders. At its core was a shared recognition that the health of the Klamath River was critical to the well-being of all who depended on it. Despite the progress made, the road to dam removal was far from smooth. Financial and political obstacles threatened to derail the project, and opposition from some local communities created additional challenges. Critics argued that removing the dams would harm agricultural operations reliant on irrigation and raise energy costs for the region. These concerns had to be carefully addressed through outreach and compromise, with tribal leaders often playing a key role in bridging divides. One of the most powerful aspects of the tribes’ advocacy was their ability to frame the issue as not just an environmental concern but a matter of justice. The Yurok, Karuk, and Hoopa Valley Tribes emphasized the historical injustices inflicted on their communities, from the forced loss of land to the ecological devastation wrought by the dams. They argued that restoring the river was not only about saving salmon but also about healing the wounds of the past and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. Throughout this process, the tribes worked closely with scientists and conservationists to strengthen their case for dam removal. Studies conducted over decades provided clear evidence that the Klamath River ecosystem could recover if the dams were removed. These findings highlighted the resilience of salmon populations and the broader benefits of restoring natural river flows, including improved water quality, sediment transport, and habitat connectivity. Tribal leaders also played a pivotal role in shaping the narrative around the dam removal project, emphasizing the interconnectedness of ecological health and cultural survival. Their voices brought a moral urgency to the issue, reminding stakeholders that the Klamath River was not just a resource to be managed but a living entity deserving of respect and care. This perspective resonated deeply with many, helping to build the broad coalition needed to move the project forward. By the time the dams were finally removed in 2024, the effort had become a symbol of what can be achieved through collaboration and perseverance. For the tribes, it was a moment of profound vindication, a testament to the power of their advocacy and the strength of their cultural connection to the river. The sight of salmon returning to their ancestral waters less than a month after the dams came down was a victory not just for the fish but for the people who had fought so hard to bring them home. Part 4: Broader Implications for Environmental Justice and Indigenous Sovereignty The successful removal of the Klamath River dams and the subsequent return of salmon to their ancestral spawning grounds represents more than an environmental achievement. It is a triumph for Indigenous sovereignty and a landmark in the global fight for environmental justice. This project highlights the power of centering Indigenous voices in conservation efforts and serves as a model for addressing historical injustices while fostering collaboration between diverse stakeholders. For the Yurok, Karuk, and Hoopa Valley Tribes, the restoration of the Klamath River is inseparable from their broader struggle for self-determination and cultural survival. The fight to remove the dams was not just about restoring salmon populations but about reclaiming their rightful role as stewards of the land and water. The river, in their worldview, is a living entity with intrinsic value, and its health is directly tied to the well-being of their communities. By advocating for the river’s restoration, the tribes were also asserting their sovereignty, challenging a legacy of margi

A Homecoming for Salmon: How Dam Removal on the Klamath River Revived Spawning Grounds Less than a month after the removal of four massive dams on the Klamath River, a remarkable transformation began to unfold. Salmon, long denied access to their ancestral spawning grounds, wasted no time reclaiming the cool, clear creeks that had been out of reach for decades. The sight of these fish navigating newly opened waterways is a profound testament to the resilience of nature and the success of the largest dam removal project in U.S. history. This is more than a story of ecological restoration; it is a tale of survival, science, and the interconnectedness of life. Salmon have always been more than just fish. They are symbols of renewal and resilience, their life cycles inextricably tied to the ecosystems they inhabit and the communities they sustain. The Klamath River, once home to some of the most abundant salmon runs on the Pacific Coast, became a shadow of its former self after the construction of the dams in the early 20th century. These barriers disrupted the delicate balance of nature, blocking salmon from their spawning grounds and triggering a cascade of ecological consequences. The removal of these dams in 2024 is the culmination of decades of advocacy and collaboration, and the salmon’s swift return underscores the power of nature to heal when given the chance.
Salmon are among nature’s most extraordinary travelers. Their life cycle begins in freshwater streams, where eggs are laid and young fish—called fry—hatch and grow. After a period in the streams, juvenile salmon, known as smolts, undergo physiological changes that allow them to adapt to saltwater environments. They then embark on an epic migration to the ocean, where they mature over several years. When the time comes to reproduce, salmon perform an astonishing feat of navigation, returning to the very streams where they were born to spawn and complete their life cycle. This incredible journey is made possible by a combination of sensory cues, including the Earth’s magnetic field, the sun’s position, and an acute sense of smell that allows them to recognize their natal waters. These adaptations are a marvel of evolution, finely tuned over millions of years. However, this intricate system is highly sensitive to disruptions, particularly barriers like dams that block access to spawning grounds. Without the ability to reach these upstream habitats, salmon populations face steep declines, as has been the case on the Klamath River for decades. The ecological role of salmon extends far beyond their life cycle. As keystone species, they play a vital role in nutrient cycling, transporting marine-derived nutrients from the ocean to freshwater ecosystems. When salmon spawn and die, their decomposing bodies release nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients into the water and surrounding soil. This nutrient influx supports the growth of algae and aquatic plants, which in turn feed insects, fish, and other organisms. Birds, mammals, and even forest ecosystems benefit from the presence of salmon, creating a complex web of interdependence. The loss of salmon from an ecosystem disrupts these relationships, diminishing biodiversity and weakening the system’s resilience. The Klamath River dams had far-reaching consequences for the ecosystem. By blocking salmon migration, they severed the flow of nutrients upstream, starving plants and animals of essential resources. The reservoirs behind the dams created stagnant pools of warm water, ideal for toxic algal blooms that further degraded water quality. Sediment, which would naturally flow downstream and replenish habitats, became trapped behind the dams, altering the river’s structure and dynamics. These changes compounded the challenges for salmon and other species, turning a once-thriving river into a fragmented and degraded ecosystem. When the dams came down, the river was given a chance to heal. The return of salmon to the Klamath River has set off a cascade of ecological recovery, revitalizing the relationships that had been severed. Within weeks of the dams’ removal, hundreds of salmon were observed swimming upstream into creeks that had been inaccessible for nearly a century. Their arrival signals the beginning of a new chapter for the river, one defined by renewal and the potential for restoration on an unprecedented scale. The salmon’s swift response to the restored river is a testament to their resilience. Scientists and conservationists have been amazed by the speed at which these fish have adapted to the newly accessible habitat. The removal of physical barriers, coupled with improved water flow and quality, has created conditions that are once again conducive to spawning. Cool, oxygen-rich tributaries that were once cut off are now bustling with life, as salmon reclaim the places where their ancestors thrived. The benefits of this restoration extend beyond the salmon themselves. The renewed presence of these fish is already reinvigorating the nutrient cycle that sustains the river ecosystem. Decomposing salmon provide food for aquatic insects, which in turn feed fish and birds. Mammals like bears and otters, which rely on salmon as a key food source, are benefiting from the increased availability of prey. The ripple effects of this recovery are reaching into the surrounding forests, where nutrients carried by salmon are enriching the soil and supporting plant growth. While the immediate response of the salmon is cause for celebration, the long-term success of the Klamath River restoration depends on sustained efforts to monitor and support the ecosystem. Sediment released from behind the dams must settle and stabilize, and water temperatures, which have been affected by decades of disruption, need time to reach optimal levels. Climate change poses additional challenges, as rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns could threaten the progress made so far. The Klamath River dam removal project is not just a local success—it is a global case study in the power of ecological restoration. By removing barriers to salmon migration, the project has demonstrated that even the most damaged ecosystems can recover when given the opportunity. The lessons learned here are already being applied to other river systems, offering hope for communities and ecosystems around the world. As the salmon continue their journey upstream, their return is a powerful reminder of the interconnectedness of life. The story of the Klamath River is one of resilience and renewal, a testament to what can be achieved when science, advocacy, and community action come together. The salmon’s homecoming is more than an ecological milestone; it is a symbol of the enduring bond between humans and nature, and a call to protect the rivers and ecosystems that sustain us all. A Homecoming for Salmon: How Dam Removal on the Klamath River Revived Spawning Grounds Part 1: The Science of Salmon Migration and Their Role in Ecosystems Salmon are among the most extraordinary species on the planet, completing a life cycle that involves navigating between freshwater rivers and the vast expanse of the ocean. Their story begins in small, cool streams where eggs are laid in gravel nests, carefully protected by oxygenated water and the natural flow of the current. Once hatched, young salmon, called fry, spend several months in these freshwater habitats before undergoing a remarkable physiological transformation. Known as smolting, this process enables them to survive in saltwater environments, a critical adaptation for their migration to the ocean. During their years in the ocean, salmon travel incredible distances, feeding and maturing in the rich marine environment. When it comes time to reproduce, they undertake one of nature’s most awe-inspiring feats: the return to their natal streams. Guided by a combination of environmental cues, including the Earth’s magnetic field and the chemical signatures of their birth waters, salmon navigate thousands of miles to spawn in the very locations where their lives began. This cycle, repeated over millennia, sustains not only the salmon but also the ecosystems and communities that depend on them. Salmon are keystone species, meaning their presence has a disproportionately large impact on their environment. When they spawn and die, their bodies decompose, releasing marine-derived nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus into freshwater ecosystems. These nutrients enrich the soil and water, fostering the growth of plants and algae, which in turn support insects, aquatic life, and terrestrial species. Bears, eagles, otters, and other predators rely on salmon as a vital food source, spreading these nutrients even further as they feed and move through the ecosystem. However, the construction of dams along major rivers has profoundly disrupted this life cycle. On the Klamath River, the installation of four major dams in the 20th century created impassable barriers, cutting salmon off from over 400 miles of spawning habitat. This loss of access triggered a sharp decline in salmon populations, pushing some species, like the coho salmon, toward extinction. The absence of salmon rippled through the ecosystem, weakening food webs, reducing biodiversity, and depriving terrestrial and aquatic species of essential resources. The dams also altered the river’s physical and chemical properties. Sediment, which would naturally flow downstream and replenish riverbeds, accumulated behind the dams, creating reservoirs with stagnant, warm water. This environment promoted algal blooms, some of which were toxic, further degrading water quality. These changes compounded the challenges for salmon, which rely on clean, cold, and oxygen-rich water to spawn successfully. As salmon populations dwindled, the cultural and economic consequences were severe, particularly for the Indigenous tribes of the Klamath Basin. For the Yurok,

Part 1: The History and Impact of the Klamath River Dams Less than a month after the removal of four massive dams along the Klamath River, salmon are returning to their ancestral spawning grounds for the first time in decades. This moment marks a significant turning point in both ecological restoration and cultural revival, offering a glimpse of what nature can achieve when freed from human-made barriers. To understand the importance of this event, it’s essential to look back at the history of the Klamath River, the impact of the dams, and the long road to their removal. The Klamath River, which stretches over 250 miles from southern Oregon to northern California, was once one of the most productive salmon fisheries on the Pacific Coast. Indigenous peoples, including the Yurok, Karuk, and Hoopa Valley Tribes, relied on the river not just for sustenance but also for cultural and spiritual practices. The river's annual salmon runs were deeply embedded in their traditions, symbolizing renewal and abundance. For millennia, the river served as a lifeline, sustaining both the natural ecosystem and the human communities living along its banks. In the early 20th century, this harmony was disrupted by the construction of a series of dams on the Klamath River. The dams, built primarily for hydroelectric power, irrigation, and flood control, drastically altered the river’s flow and accessibility. They created barriers that blocked salmon from reaching their upstream spawning grounds, leading to a sharp decline in fish populations. Over time, the once-abundant salmon runs became a shadow of their former selves, devastating not only the river’s ecology but also the cultural practices of the Indigenous tribes who depended on them. The environmental impact of the dams extended beyond the salmon. Stagnant reservoirs behind the dams became breeding grounds for toxic algae blooms, further degrading water quality. Sediment, which would naturally flow downstream to replenish habitats, accumulated behind the dams, depriving the riverbed of essential nutrients. These changes rippled through the entire ecosystem, affecting everything from aquatic insects to birds and mammals reliant on the river. For the Indigenous tribes, the dams represented more than an ecological catastrophe; they were a direct assault on their way of life. Fishing rights, already under threat from decades of settler expansion and environmental degradation, were further eroded. The river that had once been central to their culture and survival was now a site of conflict and loss. The tribes’ connection to the salmon was not merely practical; it was deeply spiritual, rooted in ceremonies and oral histories that tied their identity to the river’s cycles. The history of the Klamath River dams is also a story of shifting priorities and conflicts between stakeholders. Farmers and ranchers in the region benefited from irrigation systems made possible by the dams, while hydroelectric power provided energy to local communities. However, these benefits came at the expense of the river’s health and the rights of the tribes. Over the decades, the competing interests of conservationists, Indigenous groups, farmers, and energy companies created a complex web of challenges that seemed impossible to untangle. By the late 20th century, it became clear that the status quo was unsustainable. Salmon populations had plummeted to critically low levels, threatening the survival of species like the Chinook and coho salmon, as well as the communities that depended on them. Indigenous leaders, scientists, and environmentalists began advocating for the removal of the dams as a necessary step to restore the river’s health. This advocacy would span decades, involving legal battles, scientific research, and painstaking negotiations among stakeholders. The removal of the Klamath River dams, completed in late 2024, represents the culmination of these efforts. It is the largest dam removal project in U.S. history, both in terms of scale and significance. The project has not only reconnected the river’s natural flow but also set a powerful precedent for balancing human development with ecological restoration. Less than a month after the dams came down, the return of hundreds of salmon to upstream waters offered a striking validation of the decision to prioritize nature’s resilience. This achievement is a testament to the power of collaboration and the determination of those who fought for the river’s restoration. The history of the Klamath River dams, while fraught with challenges, is now being rewritten as a story of hope and renewal. The return of the salmon is a reminder that even the most damaged ecosystems can heal when given the chance, and that the ties between humans and the natural world are both enduring and essential.
Part 2: The Immediate Ecological and Cultural Impacts of Salmon Returning to the Klamath River Less than a month after the removal of the four dams on the Klamath River, the sight of hundreds of salmon making their way upstream has reignited hope for the river’s ecological and cultural revival. These fish, which had been cut off from their ancestral spawning grounds for decades, symbolize the resilience of nature and the potential for ecosystems to recover when freed from human-made barriers. The immediate return of the salmon offers a striking demonstration of the interconnectedness of ecological health, cultural heritage, and the enduring power of collaborative advocacy. Salmon are keystone species, meaning their presence—or absence—has a profound effect on the ecosystems they inhabit. For salmon, access to cool, oxygen-rich streams for spawning is essential for their survival. Historically, the Klamath River’s tributaries provided ideal conditions for salmon runs, which were among the largest on the West Coast. However, the construction of dams fundamentally disrupted this life cycle. Blocked from their spawning grounds, salmon populations dwindled, with some species, such as the coho salmon, nearing extinction. The removal of the Klamath River dams has restored access to over 400 miles of upstream habitat, giving salmon an opportunity to complete their natural migration for the first time in over a century. Biologists monitoring the river have described the return of the salmon as nothing short of miraculous. Within weeks, hundreds of fish were observed navigating upstream, an instinctual journey that had been blocked for generations. These salmon are now spawning in cool creeks that had remained out of reach for decades, contributing to the revival of an ecosystem that depends on their presence. The impact of the salmon’s return extends far beyond the fish themselves. Salmon play a critical role in nutrient cycling, transporting marine-derived nutrients from the ocean to freshwater ecosystems. When salmon spawn and die, their bodies decompose, enriching the soil and water with nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients. This nutrient transfer supports the growth of aquatic plants, feeds insects, and benefits other wildlife, from bears to eagles, that rely on salmon as a food source. The renewed presence of salmon in the Klamath River is already beginning to invigorate this nutrient cycle, setting the stage for a broader ecological recovery. The cultural significance of the salmon’s return is equally profound. For the Yurok, Karuk, and Hoopa Valley Tribes, whose histories and traditions are deeply tied to the Klamath River, the return of the salmon represents the healing of a spiritual wound. Salmon are not merely a food source for these tribes; they are a central figure in their cosmologies, ceremonies, and ways of life. The annual salmon runs, once a time of communal harvests and celebration, were disrupted by the dams, leaving a void in the cultural fabric of these communities. The sight of salmon reclaiming their ancestral waters has brought a sense of renewal and pride to tribal members who have fought tirelessly for this moment. For many, it is a reminder of the resilience of their culture and the enduring connection between their people and the river. Tribal leaders have described the salmon’s return as a victory for Indigenous rights and environmental justice, underscoring the importance of restoring not just ecosystems but also the cultural and spiritual bonds that define their communities. The immediate success of the dam removal project has also highlighted the power of collaboration between Indigenous tribes, environmentalists, and government agencies. This partnership was instrumental in overcoming the significant challenges involved in removing the dams, from navigating regulatory hurdles to addressing the concerns of local farmers and residents. The return of the salmon serves as a validation of this collaborative approach, demonstrating that even seemingly insurmountable ecological problems can be addressed when diverse stakeholders work together. Despite these early successes, the road to full recovery is still long. Sediment released from behind the dams must settle and stabilize, and water temperatures, which have been affected by years of disruption, need time to return to optimal conditions. Monitoring and supporting the salmon populations as they reestablish themselves will be critical to ensuring their long-term survival. Climate change, with its potential to warm water temperatures and alter precipitation patterns, poses an additional challenge. However, the salmon’s rapid response to the dam removal offers hope that nature, when given the chance, can adapt and thrive. For those witnessing the salmon’s return, the moment is a powerful reminder of the enduring connection between humans and the natural world. The fish, which have overcome immense barriers to reclaim their ancestral waters, serve as a symbol of resilience and renewal. Their journey upstream is not just a biological event but a profound statement about the possibility of h