Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro

Gregory Zhang (Senior Geology Consultant) to talk about what convolution actually means in a geostatistical and geological context, and how it shows up in tools ranging from moving averages to convolutional neural networks (CNNs).

Building on part one of the conversation, they focus on practical use, common pitfalls, and how to combine modern machine learning approaches with classic geostatistics without losing geological control.

Key moments 00:02 – What convolution means in day-to-day geology and resource work 00:51 – Moving averages, detrending and kriging in practice 01:30 – Using external data like magnetics and structure with kriging 02:09 – Common pitfalls: edge effects, over-smoothing and stationarity 05:14 – Letting geological structure guide smoothing 05:17 – A worked example using folded geology and copper grades 06:11 – Where CNNs fit, and how they compare to traditional geostatistics 07:28 – Tools and software for convolution, kriging and CNN workflows 09:05 – When not to use moving averages or CNNs 10:39 – Practical sanity checks after detrending 11:05 – A clear framework for combining geostatistics and machine learning If you work in resource estimation, geostatistics, or applied geology, this episode is packed with practical insights you can take straight back to your own workflows.

👍 If you enjoyed this episode, please Subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain, from out global consulting team.

If you would like to contact Jamie or Gregory: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available on all major podcast platforms including Snowden Optiro's YouTube channel. Link to video podcast: https://youtu.be/z5Gz1lYQ0Jg

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors.

We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Ian Glacken and Dr Gregory Zhang explore why mineral resource models and grade control models often fail to reconcile and how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can help bridge that gap. This is Part 1 of a 2 part series.

The discussion focuses on early-stage resource estimation, sparse drilling data, and how machine learning can learn from dense grade control information to improve confidence, reduce bias, and support better decision-making. Importantly, this approach is positioned as a supplement to sound geology and geostatistics, not a replacement.

Speakers Ian Glacken – Executive Consultant Geology - Snowden Optiro Dr Gregory Zhang – Senior Consultant Geology - Snowden Optiro

Key moments in the episode 00:22 Why resource models and grade control often don't match 02:55 Systematic bias and the limits of traditional reconciliation 04:22 Using CNNs to learn relationships between sparse and dense data 06:02 Treating resource models as 3D images for machine learning 07:18 What CNNs can actually predict in a mining context 10:07 Using grade control areas as calibration zones 12:43 Why AI should supplement, not replace, good geology

This is Part 1 of a two-part conversation on applying machine learning responsibly in mineral resource estimation.

If you enjoyed this episode, please Subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Ian or Gregory: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available on all major podcast platforms.

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Senior Consultant Jamie Oppelaar is joined by Dr Gregory Zhang, Senior Consultant at Snowden Optiro, to explore what convolution really means in a geostatistical and mine planning context.

Jamie and Greg walk through how it already shows up in everyday resource estimation workflows. From moving averages and detrending through to kriging residuals and convolutional neural networks, this episode focuses on practical application, not theory for theory's sake.

This is Part 1 of a two-part discussion, laying the foundations for how convolution links classical geostatistics with modern machine learning approaches.

Key topics and timestamps 00:01 – Introduction to convolution - geostatistics and machine learning 00:21 – Separating geological trend from local variability in grade data 02:26 – Detrending, residuals, and the link to universal kriging 03:15 – Moving averages as a defensible trend model using convolution 03:41 – What convolution actually is, explained practically 05:08 – Choosing window sizes using variograms and cross-validation 05:57 – Stationarity, variograms, and kriging residuals 07:19 – How convolution relates to convolutional neural networks (CNNs) 09:22 – A step-by-step workflow mine geologists can apply with existing data 13:19 – Summary of key ideas and what's coming in Part 2

If you enjoyed this episode, please Subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Gregory or Jaimie: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available on all major podcast platforms.

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of the Fresh Thinking podcast, Dr Gregory Zhang (Senior Geology Consultant) is joined by Dr Leon Lorenzen (Executive Consultant Metallurgy) to talk about the practical realities of geometallurgy and why linking geology, mineralogy and processing really matters.

The conversation draws on real project experience, highlighting the risks of disconnects between resource models and plant performance, especially for complex ore bodies.

A thoughtful discussion for geologists, metallurgists and mine planners working with increasingly challenging deposits.

Key moments from the episode: 1:45 – Why geometallurgical models are often created but not used in operations 3:50 – How hardness, mineralogy and recovery should feed into daily plant decisions 6:40 – The challenge of limited data and confidence in geomet modelling 9:10 – Why sulphides, preg-robbing carbon and mineral associations matter 16:50 – When a geometallurgical model really is essential, and when it may not be

If you enjoyed this episode, please Subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Gregory or Leon: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available on all major podcast platforms - including YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZm0zjSNmpo27fX_tfI79Yzhxy3VXjvMt

Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team. Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves. Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Tarrant Elkington (General Manager, Snowden Optiro) is joined by Joseph A. Dos Santos (Joe) (Dos Santos International, Marietta, Georgia) to explore high-angle conveying and the sandwich conveyor.

They break down how sandwich conveyors "hug" the material between two belts to move bulk solids up steep inclines, where conventional conveying or trucking can become impractical. The discussion covers how this technology is applied in mining, what it can handle, and what to consider when comparing high-angle conveying against other haulage and lifting options.

Key moments 00:01:05 – What is a sandwich conveyor? 00:02:27 – How sandwich conveyors handle extreme angles (including the "hugging" mechanism). 00:09:09 – Where high-angle conveying fits compared with truck haulage and other systems. 00:21:17 – Real-world scale example: vertical lift, capacity, and what that looks like in practice. 00:40:24 – "Mining on Mars" and why high-angle conveying comes up in off-world concepts.

If you enjoyed this episode, please subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Tarrant or Joe: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is available on all major podcast platforms.

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally - you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves. Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Dos Santos International: Dos Santos International (DSI) is the world's foremost authority on Sandwich Belt high angle conveyors, founded and led by the inventor of the system, Joseph A. Dos Santos. DSI has been advancing bulk material handling solutions since 1997. With the invention of and advances in Sandwich Belt High Angle Conveyors, the development and utilization of their Expanded Conveyor Technology, and most recently, the patented Adder Snake Conveyors, we're engineering ideal solutions for some of the world's most challenging bulk material handling applications. Contact: [email protected]

In this episode of the Fresh Thinking Podcast, Principal Consultant Matt Walker (now Senior Resource Geologist with Genesis Minerals) sat down with Snowden Optiro's Executive Consultant Ian Glacken to explore the value of mentoring in geoscience.

Ian reflects on the mentors who shaped his long career, the soft and technical skills geologists need today, and his advice for those aspiring to move into resource geology. Whether you're early in your career or guiding the next generation, this conversation offers practical insights, lessons learned, and industry wisdom.

Key Timestamps 1:00 – Ian's early mentors and their influence 5:31 – The importance of soft skills in geology 7:38 – What makes an effective mentor 8:03 – Advice for aspiring resource geologists 10:43 – Essential skills for modern resource geology

If you would like to contact Ian: [email protected]

🎧 Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms – subscribe to never miss an episode!

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally – you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts, and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting, and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors, and investors. We help mine developers advance their projects, mining companies improve their operations, and investors de-risk their investments by providing quality advice, training, and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

🌐 Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Mineable Shape Optimisation (MSO) sits at the intersection of geology, mining engineering, and economics. Used well, it helps teams move beyond theoretical resources and towards designs that reflect what will actually be mined.

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Dr Gregory Zhang (Senior Resource Geologist) and Hamish Guthrie (Managing Consultant - Mining) discuss how MSO works, why it matters, and where it can add real value.

They discuss the economic logic behind MSO, the importance of geological understanding, and how assumptions around cost, dilution, and mining method influence the outcomes.

Key moments 00:02 – What MSO is and why it's used in underground mining 01:53 – The economic logic behind MSO and cut-off decisions 02:48 – Geological inputs that matter most for MSO outcomes 04:49 – How MSO actually works under the hood 06:13 – Comparing underground MSO with open pit optimisation 08:09 – Using MSO to manage dilution in narrow vein deposits 10:30 – Sensitivities, parameters, and study-level considerations 11:17 – Common pitfalls and how to avoid them 14:49 – A practical MSO workflow: inputs, outputs, and communication

If you enjoyed this episode, please Subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Gregory or Hamish: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally, and is available on all major podcast platforms.

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Tarrant Elkington (General Manager, Snowden Optiro) is joined by Markus Dammers (Director, IPCC & Conveyors, Metso) to talk about what IPCC really means in practice, and whether "strategic conveying" is a more useful way to frame the conversation.

They explore the spectrum of IPCC options (fixed, semi-mobile and fully mobile), where value is actually created (and lost) in mine planning, what people often miss when they consider in-pit systems, and how lead times, standardisation and decarbonisation assumptions influence decisions.

Key timestamps: 1:24 What does "IPCC" actually cover (and why it's often used as an umbrella term)? 3:37 IPCC's real purpose: reducing trucks, not always eliminating them 5:39 Is "strategic conveying" a better term than IPCC? 7:25 Fully mobile (truckless) IPCC: where it works, and why hard rock is challenging 12:30 In-pit crushers: the planning and operational complications people underestimate 18:53 Lead times, standardisation and improving study-to-delivery pathways 24:41 Decarbonisation: diesel, carbon assumptions, and balancing ESG with economics 29:57 Wrap-up and how to learn more

If you enjoyed this episode, please subscribe for more mining-focused technical discussions across the mine value chain.

If you would like to contact Tarrant or Markus: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms.

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally - you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves. Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Metso: Metso is a frontrunner in sustainable technologies, end-to-end solutions and services for the aggregates, minerals processing and metals refining industries globally. Metso's in-pit crush and convey (IPCC) solutions provide the highest energy efficiency and productivity for mine electrification programs. The Metso IPCC portfolio includes crushing, conveying and stacking equipment, which are flexible, modular and designed to be integrated together. For more information: https://www.metso.com/

#mining #IPCC #inpitcrushingandconveying #conveyors #mineplanning #decarbonisation #engineering #metso #snowdenoptiro

In this episode of Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro, Dr Tarrant Elkington (General Manager, Snowden Optiro) and Markus Dammers (Director IPCC & Conveyors, Metso) explore their rapid screening tool designed to speed up evaluation of In-Pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC) options.

They discuss how the model helps mining operations quickly assess economic viability, reduce decision uncertainty, and identify where IPCC truly makes sense - saving valuable study time and capital.

If you're in mine planning, haulage optimisation, or exploring electrification and sustainability in mining, this episode is packed with insight.

Key Points & Timeline 1:00 – Why the Paper and Model Were Developed The challenge of evaluating IPCC options and the need for a quick, macro-economic decision framework. 3:30 – Complexity of IPCC Decisions Discussing parameters such as pit depth, relocation timing, and haulage versus conveying trade-offs. 4:00 – Origins of the Rapid Screening Tool How a practical spreadsheet model evolved to assess the feasibility of IPCC across multiple projects. 6:00 – Key Inputs and Parameters Understanding capacity, conveyor length and lift, and the dynamic relationship between truck and conveyor economics. 8:00 – Macro-Economic Viewpoint Why early-stage, big-picture modelling matters for major mine investment decisions. 9:00 – How the Model Works Overview of how the Excel-based tool compares IPCC and trucking using NPV, IRR, and payback calculations. 11:00 – Ore vs Waste Applications How the economics differ when applying IPCC to ore versus waste haulage scenarios. 12:00 – Building Reliable Cost Models Markus explains Metso's structured approach to estimating realistic capital and operating costs for crushers and conveyors. 15:00 – Accounting for Excavation and Ramp Design Tarrant explains the importance of considering excavation and pit geometry in cost evaluation. 17:00 – Case Study Results Findings from applying the tool to typical mining scenarios, comparing ex-pit and in-pit setups. 19:00 – Economic Sensitivities and Insights Discussion of throughput, lift, and distance variables — and how they shape viability. 21:00 – Waste IPCC Economics Why higher capacities and longer distances are needed to make waste IPCC feasible. 23:00 – Future Improvements and Next Steps Potential refinements to the tool and how it could support more dynamic project planning. 2 4:30 – Closing Thoughts How to access or apply the model for your own operation and where to contact the speakers.

If you would like to contact Tarrant or Markus: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms – subscribe to never miss an episode!

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally - you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts and most other podcast platforms.

Snowden Optiro: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves. Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

Metso: Metso is a frontrunner in sustainable technologies, end-to-end solutions and services for the aggregates, minerals processing and metals refining industries globally. Metso's in-pit crush and convey (IPCC) solutions provide the highest energy efficiency and productivity for mine electrification programs. The Metso IPCC portfolio includes crushing, conveying and stacking equipment, which are flexible, modular and designed to be integrated together. For more information: https://www.metso.com/

In this episode of Fresh Thinking, Dr Gregory Zhang is joined by Ian Glacken, Executive Consultant at Snowden Optiro, to discuss the crucial role of grade control drilling and modelling.

Grade control may seem like a technical detail, but it sits at the very heart of every successful mining operation. From reducing risk and maximising value, to ensuring accurate sampling and modelling, Ian shares insights from decades of experience helping mines achieve better outcomes.

Whether you're a geologist, mining engineer, or simply curious about how mines make critical decisions, this episode explains why grade control matters and how to get it right.

Key moments: 0:00 – Introduction to the podcast and speakers 1:01 – Why grade control is essential for profitable mining 2:47 – Importance of sampling quality and timing 3:20 – RC drilling vs blast hole drilling: which is best? 4:42 – Underground grade control: diamond drilling and face sampling 6:01 – Common issues with face sampling and how to address them 7:30 – Choosing the right drilling method for your operation 8:27 – How geology influences grade control strategies 8:40 – The JORC Code and reporting requirements for grade control 10:34 – Why grade control isn't "ground truth" but still vital 12:14 – Final thoughts and takeaways

If you would like to contact Ian or Greg: [email protected]

Listen on the go: Fresh Thinking is available on all major podcast platforms – subscribe to never miss an episode!

Explore more: https://snowdenoptiro.com/

👍 Like, comment, and subscribe for more technical mining insights from our global consulting team.

Fresh Thinking by Snowden Optiro is rapidly becoming the best mining podcast globally - you can find our podcasts on YouTube, Spotify, Apple Podcasts and most other podcast platforms.

Who we are: Snowden Optiro is a resources consulting and advisory group that provides independent advice, consulting and training to mining and exploration companies, their advisors and investors. We help mine developers to advance their projects, mining companies to improve their operations and their professionals, and investors to de-risk their investments by the provision of quality advice, training and software in the field of Mineral Resources and Mineral/Ore Reserves.

For training or consulting enquiries: training(at)snowdenoptiro.com contact(at)snowdenoptiro.com