In this episode, we take you on a journey through the daily life of ancient Egyptians. How did they work and dress? Was Egyptian life back then so different from ours today?

In this final episode of the season, we follow the eternal current of progress and inequality — a dance that has been ongoing for centuries. From the cobbled streets of the medieval city to today’s skyline: how do societies change, and what keeps coming back, time and again?

Today, we descend into the winding corridors of history: past ancient dogmas, sudden flashes of insight, and thinkers who shook the world to its core. We trace the footsteps of science and reason, which once promised to set us free, yet oftenforged new truths into iron laws.

Is every revolution in thought not also the beginning of a new belief system?

And you — how much freedom are you willing to sacrifice on the altar of safety and order?

In this special edition, we explore how perceptions of body, gender, and sexuality in Europe have evolved over the centuries. What do these shifts reveal about identity and freedom — then and now?

In this episode, we navigate the turbulent waters of the two world wars and confront a difficult question: can an entire people be held responsible for the actions of their government?

Today, we set sail into the age of explorers and empires, tracing how Western ambitions reshaped the world and still echo in today's global questions.

In this episode, we explore the rise of Christianity in Europe and the emergence and spread of Islam in the Middle East and North Africa. We dive into the religious, political, and cultural developments that shaped both regions—and examine how frequent contact between Christian and Islamic societies led to both conflict and exchange. Along the way, we trace the evolution of European politics: from the legacy of the Roman Empire, through feudal kingdoms, to the formation of early states deeply influenced by intercultural contacts.

In this episode, we explore the famous "fall of Rome" in 476 CE. What does it really mean when an empire falls? We examine how the Western Roman Empire came to an end — and question whether Rome truly disappeared or continued in new forms, such as the Byzantine Empire, the Christian Church or medieval European kingdoms. We discuss how empires rarely vanish overnight but often evolve. So, is a fall truly the end—or the beginning of something new? And what does this mean for our world, today?

00:00 Introduction: Is an end truly an end?00:13 The fall of the Western Roman Empire00:28 Sources: How do we understand the transition?00:52 Rome’s expansion and internal tensions01:03 Crisis of the 3rd century and instability08:40 Diocletian and the division of the empire09:54 The Roman view of the “barbarians”11:24 Tacitus on the Germanic peoples13:24 The Huns and the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains16:02 Migrations and the Sack of Rome (410)17:38 476: Odoacer and the symbolic fall19:00 Continuity in the East: Byzantium21:00 Justinian and the Corpus Iuris Civilis22:16 Cultural shifts in Byzantium23:45 The strategic importance of Constantinople24:38 Comparing Western Rome and Byzantium25:03 476 as a transformation, not a collapse27:12 Rise of the Franks after 47629:56 Clovis and his conversion to Christianity31:35 Lex Salica and inequality in Frankish law33:01 Weakening of the Merovingians34:11 Charles Martel and the Battle of Tours (732)36:07 Pepin the Short and papal legitimacy37:48 Charlemagne and the imperial coronation (800)40:09 Carolingian Renaissance41:25 Governance and feudalism under Charlemagne44:46 Treaty of Verdun (843) and fragmentation46:02 New invasions: Vikings, Saracens, Magyars47:22 Life on the manor: serfdom and self-sufficiency50:02 Agricultural innovations and three-field system51:40 Summary: Continuity and change in Europe