Loops let you repeat instructions. But repetition alone is not enough: what matters is what you do during each repetition. Over time, programmers noticed that the same structures come back again and again. These are called loop patterns. Learning the...

THEORETICAL RECAP A 'while' loop repeats a block of instructions as long as a condition remains true. Its structure is simple: you define a starting point (an initialization), a condition that is tested before each iteration, and an update inside the...

In programming, one of the most powerful ideas is the ability to repeat instructions automatically. So far, you have learned how to store data in variables, run instructions in sequence, and make decisions using conditions with IF, AND, OR. Loops add...

THEORETICAL RECAP A program is a sequence of instructions executed in order. To build useful logic, you combine three foundations you have already studied: variables (containers that store data such as numbers, strings or booleans), conditions (IF / ...

Until now, you have learned to write a single condition inside an IF test, using comparison operators such as greater than, less than, or equal to. But in real programs, a single condition is often not enough. You frequently need to check several thi...

THEORETICAL RECAP A conditional structure lets a program make decisions. The core mental model is simple: 'IF a condition is true, THEN execute this block; OTHERWISE execute another block.' A condition is a boolean expression that evaluates to either...

Comparison operators and boolean values are at the heart of every decision your programs will ever make. In the previous chapters, you learned how to store data in variables, perform calculations, and write your first simple conditional test with the...

THEORETICAL RECAP A conditional test (the IF statement) allows a program to make decisions. Instead of executing instructions in a strict linear order, the program evaluates a condition — a boolean expression that is either TRUE or FALSE — and only r...

Until now, the programs you have written run in a straight line: each instruction executes one after the other, always in the same order. This is called a sequence. But a real program needs to make decisions. It must be able to react differently depe...

## Project Overview This mini-project is a skills validation checkpoint designed to consolidate everything you have learned so far in the 'Algorithmics and programming logic' chapter. Building directly on your work with variables, data types, constan...