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Today, we look at Harmonic and Modulation developments in Beethoven’s music. This programme is rather difficult and tricky, but it is well worth paying attention to the information and examples.

Beethoven extended these two aspects of composition and set the tone for the next generation of composers in the nineteenth century.

Enjoy! Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 9 in E Major, Op. 14 No. 1 Performed by Murray Perahia · Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 9 in E Major, Op. 14 No. 1 Performed by Murray Perahia · Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 9 in E Major, Op. 14 No. 1 Performed by Murray Perahia · Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 21 In C Major, Op. 53 Waldstein Performed by Maurizio Pollini · Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 21 In C Major, Op. 53 Waldstein Performed by Maurizio Pollini · Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 21 In C Major, Op. 53 Waldstein Performed by Maurizio Pollini · Ludwig van Beethoven , Violin Sonata No. 5 in F Major, Op. 24 Spring - 2. Adagio molts espressivo Performed by Itzhak Perlman and Vladimir Ashkenazy

This week and last I have been preparing to travel and then travelling, so I will not be doing any sort of formal discussion today. Instead we will simply listen to some music of the contemporaries of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. I will announce the items, but what I would like you to pay attention to is the strong similarity of style between these composers. This is because all were writing during the 18th century in the prevalent style which was at first moving from Baroque into the polite Classical, and especially Viennese Classical period.

These selections showcase the Classical style and highlight the contributions of lesser-known composers alongside these greats.

These two programmes balance instrumental variety and stylistic depth, featuring symphonies, concertos, chamber works, and solo repertoire from composers who shaped and enriched the Classical style. Leopold Kozeluch – Symphony in G minor, P. IX:26 Performed by The Mozartists, conducted by Ian Page · Leopold Kozeluch – Symphony in G minor, P. IX:26 Performed by The Mozartists, conducted by Ian Page · Leopold Kozeluch – Symphony in G minor, P. IX:26 Performed by The Mozartists, conducted by Ian Page · Franz Krommer – Octet-Partita in F major, Op. 57 Performed by The Danish Wind Octet · Franz Krommer – Octet-Partita in F major, Op. 57 Performed by The Danish Wind Octet · Franz Krommer – Octet-Partita in F major, Op. 57 Performed by The Danish Wind Octet · Franz Krommer – Octet-Partita in F major, Op. 57 Performed by The Danish Wind Octet · Giovanni Battista Viotti – Violin Concerto No. 22 in A minor Performed by Christian Tetzlaff with the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, conducted by Paavo Järvi · Giovanni Battista Viotti – Violin Concerto No. 22 in A minor Performed by Christian Tetzlaff with the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, conducted by Paavo Järvi · Giovanni Battista Viotti – Violin Concerto No. 22 in A minor Performed by Christian Tetzlaff with the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, conducted by Paavo Järvi · Adalbert Gyrowetz – String Quartet in G major, Op. 29 No. 2, first movement Performed by the Pleyel Quartett Köln

I am preparing to travel and then travelling this week and next, so I will not be doing any formal discussions today and next week. Instead, we will listen to some music from the contemporaries of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. I will announce the items, but I would like you to pay attention to the strong similarity of style between these composers. This is because all were writing during the 18th century in the prevalent style which was at first moving from Baroque into the polite Classical, especially Viennese Classical period.

These selections showcase the Classical style and highlight the contributions of lesser-known composers alongside these greats.

These two programmes balance instrumental variety and stylistic depth, featuring symphonies, concertos, chamber works, and solo repertoire from composers who shaped and enriched the Classical style. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – Symphony in E-flat major, Wq. 179 Performed by the Kammerorchester Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, conducted by Hartmut Haenchen · Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – Symphony in E-flat major, Wq. 179 Performed by the Kammerorchester Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, conducted by Hartmut Haenchen · Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – Symphony in E-flat major, Wq. 179 Performed by the Kammerorchester Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, conducted by Hartmut Haenchen · Johann Christian Bach – Sinfonia in B-flat major, Op. 18 No. 2 Performed by the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, conducted by Eduard van Beinum · Johann Christian Bach – Sinfonia in B-flat major, Op. 18 No. 2 Performed by the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, conducted by Eduard van Beinum · Johann Christian Bach – Sinfonia in B-flat major, Op. 18 No. 2 Performed by the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, conducted by Eduard van Beinum · Luigi Boccherini – Cello Concerto in B-flat major, G. 482 (Cadenzas by Grützmacher) Performed by Jacqueline du Pré and the English Chamber Orchestra, conducted by Daniel Barenboim · Luigi Boccherini – Cello Concerto in B-flat major, G. 482 (Cadenzas by Grützmacher) Performed by Jacqueline du Pré and the English Chamber Orchestra, conducted by Daniel Barenboim · Luigi Boccherini – Cello Concerto in B-flat major, G. 482 (Cadenzas by Grützmacher) Performed by Jacqueline du Pré and the English Chamber Orchestra, conducted by Daniel Barenboim · Muzio Clementi – Sonata in G minor, Op. 7 No. 3 Performed by Howard Shelley · Muzio Clementi – Sonata in G minor, Op. 7 No. 3 Performed by Howard Shelley · Muzio Clementi – Sonata in G minor, Op. 7 No. 3 Performed by Howard Shelley · Muzio Clementi - Sonatina No. 1 in C Major, Op. 36 Performed by Lang Lang · Muzio Clementi - Sonatina No. 1 in C Major, Op. 36 Performed by Lang Lang · Muzio Clementi - Sonatina No. 1 in C Major, Op. 36 Performed by Lang Lang

We are still on the path to compare and be able to identify the music of the three classical giants, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.

Today we look at Thematic, Rhythmic and Emotional developments in Beethoven’s music.

We start with the famous Symphony 5 with the “fate” motif, and in this symphony, we will find examples of the features I call Beethoven’s fingerprints.

After that a much easier work, a Wind Sextet, not often heard in concert.

Both of these works feature the meanings of “Sonata”, and if you think I am making too much of this, listen to find out why you must know and understand this musical structure to understand Beethoven’s music.

Enjoy! Ludwig van Beethoven_ Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 Performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Herbert von Karajan - · Ludwig van Beethoven_ Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 Performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Herbert von Karajan - · Ludwig van Beethoven_ Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 Performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Herbert von Karajan - · Ludwig van Beethoven_ Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 Performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Herbert von Karajan - · Ludwig van Beethoven – Sextet in E-Flat Major, Op. 71 Performed by the Academy of St Martin in the Fields Chamber Ensemble · Ludwig van Beethoven – Sextet in E-Flat Major, Op. 71 Performed by the Academy of St Martin in the Fields Chamber Ensemble · Ludwig van Beethoven – Sextet in E-Flat Major, Op. 71 Performed by the Academy of St Martin in the Fields Chamber Ensemble · Ludwig van Beethoven – Sextet in E-Flat Major, Op. 71 Performed by the Academy of St Martin in the Fields Chamber Ensemble · Ludwig Van Beethoven - 7 Bagatelles, Op. 33 - 5. Allegro, ma non troppo Performed by Mikhail Pletnev

Beethoven as a composer bridged between two periods in the history of music. He was taught and influenced by Haydn as well as Johann Baptist Schenk, Emanuel Aloys Förster, Anton Salieri, and Johann Georg Albrechtsberger. Beethoven held the music of Mozart in high regard, although it is unknown if the two ever met.

We are on the path to compare and be able to identify the music of the three classical giants, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.

But today we start the discussion of Beethoven’s style, looking at the Sonata and the Sonata Form. We did cover this last November in programmes 24 to 27. You can listen to these again in the Podcast section on GSA Radio. We use Beethoven’s Sonata number 1 to explore this structure in depth. And then to reinforce this we listen to Beethoven’s Symphony number 8.

The other two Beethoven fingerprints that we will touch on in this programme are his lyrical second slow movements and his strong rhythmic drive as heard in his final movements. Ludwig van Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 2, No. 1 Performed by Igor Levit · Ludwig van Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 2, No. 1 Performed by Igor Levit · Ludwig van Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 2, No. 1 Performed by Igor Levit · Ludwig van Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 1 in F minor, Op. 2, No. 1 Performed by Igor Levit · Ludwig van Beethoven_ Symphony No. 8 in F Major, Op. 93 Performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Herbert von Karajan - · Ludwig van Beethoven_ Symphony No. 8 in F Major, Op. 93 Performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Herbert von Karajan - · Ludwig van Beethoven_ Symphony No. 8 in F Major, Op. 93 Performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Herbert von Karajan - · Ludwig van Beethoven_ Symphony No. 8 in F Major, Op. 93 Performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Herbert von Karajan -

Beethoven as a composer bridged between two periods in the history of music. He was taught and influenced by Haydn as well as Johann Baptist Schenk, Emanuel Aloys Förster, Anton Salieri, and Johann Georg Albrechtsberger. Beethoven held the music of Mozart in high regard, although it is unknown if the two ever met.

We are on the path to compare and be able to identify the music of the three classical giants, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. We have covered Haydn’s Music thoroughly over the past several weeks, and Mozart’s on two separate occasions in November last year and in September this year. You can listen to these again in the Podcast section on GSA Radio.

But today we do an easy introduction to Beethoven by just listening to some of his best known and most loved compositions. We can start the discussion of his style next week.

So I have lined up for you 7 of Beethoven’s best known and most loved works and we will listen to these without interruption for this hour.

Enjoy! Ludwig van Beethoven_ Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67_ I. Allegro con brio Performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Herbert von Karajan - · Ludwig van Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 2, Moonlight_ I. Adagio sostenuto Performed by Igor Levit · Ludwig Van Beethoven - Symphony No. 9 in D Minor, Op. 125_ 'Ode to Joy' Performed by James Morris and an unknown orchestra · Ludwig van Beethoven - Beethoven_ Für Elise, Bagatelle in A Minor, WoO 59 Performed by Lang Lang · Ludwig van Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13, Pathétique_ I. Grave - Allegro di molto e con brio Performed by Igor Levit · Ludwig van Beethoven - Symphony No. 7 in A Major, Op. 92 - IV. Allegro con brio Performed by the Wiener Philharmoniker conducted by Claudio Abbado · Ludwig van Beethoven - Piano Concerto No. 5 in E-Flat Major, Op. 73 Emperor_ I. Allegro Performed by Wilhelm Kempff and the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Ferdinand Leitner

We are progressing in our exploration of musical fingerprints today by looking a third time at the music of Franz Josef Haydn, a Classical Period composer.

This we will do for at least one more week, leading up to comparing the style of Haydn with that of Mozart and Beethoven.

Today there is a Symphony, a Piano Sonata, and a Piano Trio – the first a little sad, the others extremely warm and humorous.

I hope you will be with me for the journey Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 44 in E Minor, Hob.I_44 -Mourning Performed by The English Concert, conducted by Trevor Pinnock · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 44 in E Minor, Hob.I_44 -Mourning Performed by The English Concert, conducted by Trevor Pinnock · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 44 in E Minor, Hob.I_44 -Mourning Performed by The English Concert, conducted by Trevor Pinnock · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 44 in E Minor, Hob.I_44 -Mourning Performed by The English Concert, conducted by Trevor Pinnock · Franz Josef Haydn: Piano Sonata No. 62 in E-Flat Major, Hob. XVI_52 Performed by Evgeny Kissin · Franz Josef Haydn: Piano Sonata No. 62 in E-Flat Major, Hob. XVI_52 Performed by Evgeny Kissin · Franz Josef Haydn: Piano Sonata No. 62 in E-Flat Major, Hob. XVI_52 Performed by Evgeny Kissin · Franz Josef Haydn: Piano Trio in G Major, Hob. XV_25 Gypsy Rondo Performed by the Florestan Trio · Franz Josef Haydn: Piano Trio in G Major, Hob. XV_25 Gypsy Rondo Performed by the Florestan Trio · Franz Josef Haydn: Piano Trio in G Major, Hob. XV_25 Gypsy Rondo Performed by the Florestan Trio · Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Songs Without Words Book 1 Opus 19 Performed by Daniel Gortler

We are progressing in our exploration of musical fingerprints today by looking a second time at the music of Franz Josef Haydn, a Classical Period composer. We will do this for at least one more week, leading up to comparing the style of Haydn with that of Mozart.

Today there are two Symphonies and a String Quartet. And a couple of jokes.

I hope you will be with me for the journey! Franz Josef Haydn: String Quartet in E Flat, Hob. III_38, Op. 33 No. 2 Performed by the Emerson String Quartet · Franz Josef Haydn: String Quartet in E Flat, Hob. III_38, Op. 33 No. 2 Performed by the Emerson String Quartet · Franz Josef Haydn: String Quartet in E Flat, Hob. III_38, Op. 33 No. 2 Performed by the Emerson String Quartet · Franz Josef Haydn: String Quartet in E Flat, Hob. III_38, Op. 33 No. 2 Performed by the Emerson String Quartet · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 88 in G Major, Hob. I_88 Performed by the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 45 in F-Sharp Minor, Hob. I_45 Farewell Performed by the Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Sir Neville Marriner · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 45 in F-Sharp Minor, Hob. I_45 Farewell Performed by the Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Sir Neville Marriner · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 45 in F-Sharp Minor, Hob. I_45 Farewell Performed by the Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Sir Neville Marriner · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 45 in F-Sharp Minor, Hob. I_45 Farewell Performed by the Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Sir Neville Marriner https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xP0rQ3MlAvg · Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Songs Without Words Book 1 Opus 19 Performed by Daniel Gortler

We are progressing in our exploration of musical fingerprints today by looking at the music of Franz Josef Haydn, a Classical Period composer. We will do this for at least one more week, leading up to comparing the style of Haydn with that of Mozart.

I hope you will be with me for the journey! Franz Josef Haydn: String Quartet in C Major, Op. 76 No. 3, Hob. Lll:77 Emperor Performed by the Emerson String Quartet · Franz Josef Haydn: String Quartet in C Major, Op. 76 No. 3, Hob. Lll:77 Emperor Performed by the Emerson String Quartet · Franz Josef Haydn: String Quartet in C Major, Op. 76 No. 3, Hob. Lll:77 Emperor Performed by the Emerson String Quartet · Franz Josef Haydn: String Quartet in C Major, Op. 76 No. 3, Hob. Lll:77 Emperor Performed by the Emerson String Quartet · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 104 in D Major, Hob. I_104 London Performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Eugen Jochum · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 104 in D Major, Hob. I_104 London Performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Eugen Jochum · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 104 in D Major, Hob. I_104 London Performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Eugen Jochum · Franz Josef Haydn: Symphony No. 104 in D Major, Hob. I_104 London Performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Eugen Jochum · Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Songs Without Words Book 1 Opus 19 Performed by Daniel Gortler

Two A major Concerto’s by Mozart today.

Mozart’s Concertos for Piano and for Clarinet, are both in A major. This is one of Mozart’s “happy keys”, along with E flat major and C major. In the context of the Doctrine of the Affections, each musical key was believed to have its own inherent emotional qualities, and composers used these keys deliberately to evoke specific emotions or moods in their compositions. A major, with its bright and open character, was often seen as a key suitable for expressing joy, celebration, and positive emotions.

So please come and share some joy, celebration and positive emotions as I introduce you to the structure called “Concerto” in a way that you will not easily forget. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Piano Concerto number 23 in A Major K488 Performed by Maurizio Pollini and Wiener Philharmoniker conducted by Karl Bohm · Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Clarinet Concerto in A Major K622 Performed by Martin Fröst and Amsterdam Sinfonietta conducted by Peter Oundjian · Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Clarinet Concerto in A Major K622 Performed by Martin Fröst and Amsterdam Sinfonietta conducted by Peter Oundjian · Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Clarinet Concerto in A Major K622 Performed by Martin Fröst and Amsterdam Sinfonietta conducted by Peter Oundjian · Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Songs Without Words Book 1 Opus 19 Performed by Daniel Gortler