Psalm 23, from the Book of Psalms, is attributed to David, who writes as one who knew shepherding firsthand. By declaring, “The LORD is my shepherd,” David uses covenant language to describe a personal relationship with YHWH marked by provision, guidance, and protection. In the ancient context, shepherd imagery also conveyed kingship and responsibility, making this a bold confession of trust in God's rule. The psalm does not deny danger but interprets every circumstance through the assurance of the LORD's faithful presence.

Jesus is the Good Shepherd, and He explains why. It is because He lays His life down for the sheep. The metaphor is of eternal significance. His sacrifice will bring forgiveness and a sense of belonging to the lost. Furthermore, Jesus knows His sheep and is known by them, and this relationship reflects His unity with the Father. He also gathers other sheep into one flock, and He rules them as the Good Shepherd.

The wisdom of Proverbs is not abstract or detached, but deeply rooted in the Torah and the Old Testament narratives. It helps believers in Christ to live wisely in daily life. The main themes include trusting and fearing the LORD, turning away from evil, living wisely, taming the tongue, relationships, and community.

From the very beginning, we see the heart of Apostle John. He writes as an elder who truly loves and cares for Gaius, a believer known for his faithfulness. John praises him because he walks in the truth, and his life shows it clearly. Gaius also practices hospitality, especially toward fellow believers who travel to serve the Lord. Even when they are strangers, he welcomes them. In the second part of the letter, John gives a warning. He tells Gaius who should not be imitated, and who should. The apostle mentions Diotrephes and Demetrius.

The third letter of John is a personal and pastoral letter to a believer named Gaius. John commends Gaius for walking in the truth and for his hospitality to traveling co-laborers in Christ. Gaius's love and support for traveling missionaries serve as a model of Christian generosity and partnership in ministry. Gaius' actions serve as a model for all believers. At the end of John's second letter, he instructs believers not to welcome false teachers. The third letter is about welcoming those who walk in the truth.

The second letter of John was written to the “elect lady.” The term may mean two things. It is written to a respectable or noble woman in the faith, or the term "elect lady" is a term used to refer to the local church. Many believe that it is used for the local church. The universal church is described in the feminine, so too the local church community.

The apostle assures the believers that if they pray according to God's will, He will hear them. John gave a very specific application that if one prays for a brother (or sister) in sin, God will give him life. The author classifies those whose sins do not lead to death, which could mean believing in false teaching, or those who keep on sinning as a lifestyle. John would end his letter by once again using the phrase "born of God,” and that Christ protects all born of God from the evil one. The apostle would end his letter like he began it, declaring the deity of Christ.

The apostle highlighted the power of the testimony of the Spirit, the blood, and the water. The blood and the water may refer to the death of the Lord Jesus Christ (Jn 19:34-35). Moreover, it is the Father who testifies about His Son. John emphasized that if they believed in the testimony of men, why wouldn't they believe the testimony of God? In other words, if you truly believe in God, there is no other way but to believe in the Son of God. The author would then assure believers that they have eternal life in what they believed, namely, what they had heard from the beginning (1 Jn 2:24). One may safely assume that what they believed from the beginning is John's testimony about Jesus, as recorded in the gospel account (The Gospel According to John).

The apostle mentioned the words “born of God” or something similar to it several times in the epistle. He also mentioned it in the gospel account. Other words similar to it are “born from above” or “born again.” The doctrinal term is “regeneration.” Regeneration is about God giving us a new heart; it is God writing His laws in our hearts. John wrote that everyone who believes has been “born of God” (1 Jn 5:1). The apostle would reinforce that their message bears the testimony of water, blood, and Spirit. One would surmise that they also refer to the Father's testimony about Christ.

One assurance of God's Holy Spirit among believers is God's love expressed to each other. Believers love because He first loved them, and those who truly love God cannot hate their brother (1 Jn 4:19-20). God's divine love enables believers to reject hatred and practice love for their brothers (and sisters). Therefore, every true believer will value the church community. The apostle would remind the readers of remaining true to the doctrines they have learned. John would explain that being born of God, loving God, loving the community, and remaining true to the doctrines are all intertwined.