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Audio GED Prep Social Studies Lesson 2

North and South America, Australia

The United States and Territories

The United States is a relatively new country. Started out as settlements from many countries like Roanoke and Jamestown that eventually developed into the 13 colonies, who were loosely bound together, though they had many differences.

The colonies fought a war for independence against Great Britain and won, eventually becoming the United States of America. Gradually, new territories were admitted to the “Union” and the United States grew.

For a short while, the United States was split into two countries: the United States of America and the Confederate States of America during the period of the Civil War. At the end of the war, the two countries rejoined.

Many believed in the “manifest destiny” of the United States, which meant that the country should expand from one coast to the other. This is the case today, with the country being split into 50 states, with two states, Alaska and Hawaii, being not attached to the other 50.

The United States also has control over a variety of territories around the world, including Puerto Rico, the Virgin Island, Guam and American Samoa. There are also U.S. military installations throughout the world, with many in Europe and Asia.

The largest river in the United States is the Mississippi, which branches out into many tributaries. There are two main mountain ranges: the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.

• Canada

Canada is the second largest country in the world land wise after Russia, though most of its population lives close to its border with the United States. About 75 percent of Canadians (out of around 33 million citizens) live within 100 miles of the U.S. borders. It has more coastline than any other country, because it is bordered by the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans.

Many parts of Canada were settled by French explorers and the influence of French language and culture continues to this day. Other parts of Canada were controlled by Great Britain. Today, both English and French are official languages in Canada.

Instead of states, Canada is divided into provinces and territories. There are ten provinces, such as Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia, and three territories: The Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. Canada includes many different islands as part of its territory including Prince Edward Island.

• Mexico

Mexico was the site of many powerful civilizations including the Olmec and the Maya. Spain conquered the region in the 16th century and turned it into a colony, but it achieved its own independence in the 19th century.

Today, it is a country that is bordered by the United States in the north and the countries of Central America in the south. It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Gulf of Mexico in the east. It includes a long peninsula that is south of the U.S. state of California called “Baja California”.

In terms of land area, it is just about three times the size of the state of Texas, though its population is around 120 million.

Mexico has 31 different states that are all self governed, and there is a special Federal District that belongs to the entire federa...

 

Title: Literary Devices

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Lesson Summary:

GED lesson for Social Studies Lesson 1

 

 

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Audio GED Prep Science Lesson 2

 

Life Science: Biochemistry

There are two main ways in which organisms obtain the energy that they need in order to exist from day to day. There are some organisms like humans who eat other plants and animals in order to create energy. These organisms take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Then, there are other organisms that you a process called photosynthesis in order to convert the light from the sun into usable energy. These organisms, mostly plants, take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. Thus, both kinds of organisms are in a mutually-beneficial relationship that helps support all life.

ADP and ATP

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule in the body that cells use for energy transfer. When an organism processes food, it creates ATP in cells. Each molecule of ATP has three branches or phosphate groups that can be broken off. When a cell breaks one of these bonds, ATP turns into ADP (Adensoinediphosphate), which chemical reaction creates energy. Notice that “tri” means three and “di” means two. The energy created then powers cells to continue their processes.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process that plants and similar life forms use to create energy. Organisms who use photosynthesis contain a chemical called chlorophyll which lends a green color to these life forms. They are green because they use the energy from the blue and red wavelengths of light, but not green. Red and blue get absorbed, but green stays.

During photosynthesis, sunlight strikes the chlorophyll in plants in cells that all plants have that are known as chloroplasts. In these cells water and carbon dioxide combine using the energy from sunlight to create glucose (sugar) and oxygen. Water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen (H2O) and carbon dioxide is made of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. (CO2) Glucose is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C6H12O6). The glucose is used for energy and the oxygen is let off as a waste product, to be used by animals who need oxygen to create energy instead of carbon dioxide.

DNA

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that creates the blueprint to make living cells. Almost all living organisms use DNA. It contains instructions based on different combinations of chemicals called bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). These bases fit together with each other to create what are called base pairs, which, along with a sugar molecule and phosphate molecule, create the “rungs” on the ladder of DNA. A pairs with T, and C with G. The base pairs form the “rungs” and the sugar and phosphate form the vertical sides of the ladder, which is then twisted around.

A single piece of human DNA contains about 3 billion of these base pairs, and 99 percent of these base pairs are the same on most people, with only the 1 percent making us unique.

DNA is a powerful substance that is able to make copies of itself in order to spread the necessary instructions to other cells so that more copies of cells can be made. When the body “reads” DNA, it receives instructions to make a certain protein, called a gene, and these genes are what determine the properties of a life form, from hair color, to eye color, to skin color, to less obvious things such as what diseases a person m...

 

 

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Audio GED Prep Language Arts Lesson 2

Using Punctuation

Punctuation is an important part of writing properly and is a skill being lost in a world dominated by technology.

The period is used at the end of a declarative sentence and after some abbreviations such as “Mr.” or “A.M.”

The exclamation point shows strong emotion and is used after a strong command or interjection, such as “No!” Exclamation points should only be used sparingly and never more than one at a time.

The question mark is used to show that a sentence is a question. You should not use more than one or combine it with an exclamation point in formal writing. Only use a question mark after a direct question.

Commas are used in a variety of situations. They can be used in a list of items, separating stings of numbers, elements in dates and addresses, and used to separate introductory material from the rest of the sentence. They are also used before coordinating conjunctions such as “but”, “and” and “yet” when they are used to link to independent clauses and between a person and their title, such M.D. or Jr.

When using quotations, a comma should separate the quotation and the rest of the sentence. When addressing a person, you should set his or her name off by commas, or when using an appositive, which is a phrase which adds more information in a sentence.

The semicolon can be used when separating items in a complex list, such as a list of places that include cities and states. You can also use a semicolon to connect closely related independent clauses where you usually can use “because”.

Quotation marks are used to show direct quotes. They always come in pairs. They can also be used to show that certain words are a title or a short story, song, or other creative work. You should start a new paragraph whenever a new person starts speaking. Do not use quotation marks for indirect quotes.

Apostrophes are used to show possession and to create contractions. You can add ‘s to a noun to show possession, or just ‘ when the noun already ends in s. When forming contractions, apostrophes show where a letter or letters were omitted.

A dash or a hyphen is used to connect multi-word adjectives, such as well-known, and to connect complex numbers such as twenty-six or seventy-two. It can also be used to break up a word between lines. It also sets off some prefixes, such as ex- and all-.

An ellipsis is shown by three equally spaced dots and means that some words in a quotation have been omitted. It can also be used in dialogue to show that someone’s voice is trailing off.

Parentheses are used for material in a sentence that is not emphasized in a sentence and usually should have no punctuation between the two parentheses.

Source:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/576/01/

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Audio GED Prep Mathematics Lesson 1

Integers and Decimal

Definition of an integer/decimal

An integer is a positive or negative number that does not have a decimal or fraction. These are what are used when counting objects. When a decimal point is present, everything to the left is an integer, and everything to the right is a decimal.

A decimal is a part of an integer. Numbers closer to the decimal point are larger, which is the opposite of how it is for integers.

Positive and negative numbers

In math, you might see what is called a number line, in which the middle point is marked 0, and numbers are listed as points on a line going out to the left and right. The number 0 is neither positive nor negative, and everything to the right of 0 is a positive number, and everything to the left of 0 is a negative number. You indicate a negative number by putting a dash/minus sign in front of it.

Negative numbers have their own set of rules. When you add a negative number, it is the same as subtracting that same number. If you subtract a negative number, it is the same as adding that same number. Just remember that these two are reversed. When you multiply two negative numbers as well, you will always get a positive number. (The minus signs cancel each other out.) If, however, you multiply a negative number and a positive number, you will always get a negative number.

Addition

Addition is when you take two numbers and combine them to create a new total. Addition is indicated by a plus sign, which looks like a small cross. When you speak an addition equation, you say “five plus six is eleven”, which is the same as 5 + 6 = 11.

Subtraction

Subtraction is when you take two numbers and take one away from another to create a new total. Subtraction is indicated by a minus sign, which looks like a small dash. When you speak an addition equation, you say “ten minus nine is one”, which is the same as 10 - 1 = 9.

Multiplication

Multiplication is when you take one number and multiply that number by another number. Multiplication is indicated by a small X or sometimes an *. When you speak a multiplication equation, you say “four times three is twelve”, which is the same as 4 x 3 = 12 or 4 * 3 = 12.

Division

Division is when you take one number and divide into the number of parts indicated by a second number. Division is indicated by a division sign (÷) or sometimes by a slash (/). When you speak a division equation, you say “ten divided by two equals five”, which is the same as 10 ÷ 2 = 5 or 10/2 = 5.

Absolute value

Absolute value refers to how many units a number is worth, no matter whether it is positive or negative. You can mark the absolute value by putting vertical lines around a number, such as |2|.

The absolute value of ten (|10|) is ten, and the absolute value of negative 10 (|-10|) is still 10.

Comparisons

Sometimes in math, you need to talk about whether something is greater than or less than, equal to, or not equal to something else.

To show that something is greater than something else, you use the sign >.

Example: 7 > 4

The sign ≥ means “greater than or equal to”.

 

 

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Audio GED Prep Mathematics Lesson 2

Fractions

Definition of a fraction/parts of a fraction

A fraction shows a part of a whole. They are usually shown by a top number, called the numerator, and a bottom number, called the denominator. Between the numerator and the denominator, there is a slash, either a straight line(—) or a slash (/).

The denominator shows how many parts are in a whole, (1) and the numerator shows how many parts you have. There are several ways that you will see fractions used. The reciprocal of a fraction is when you switch the numerator and the denominator. For example, 3/4 and 4/3 are reciprocals.

Types of fractions

First, there are simple fractions. In simple fractions, the numerator is smaller than, or equal to the denominator, meaning that you have a part of a whole, or exactly one whole thing.

Then, there are complex fractions, in which the numerator is larger than the denominator. You can write these out like a normal fraction, or write them as a mixed number, which consists of an integer and a fraction side by side. If you have a complex fraction, you have at least one whole thing or more, and part of another whole.

Simplifying fractions/equivalent fractions

Sometimes, a fraction can be simplified. This means that it could be written as a fraction that has a smaller numerator and denominator without changing its value. If both numbers of a fraction can be divided by the same number, then the fraction can be simplified.

This means that there are many fractions that are equal to the same part of a whole. For example, if you divide a whole into four parts, and you have two parts out of the whole (2/4), that is the same as diving a whole into two parts and having one of the two parts. (1/2). Both 2/4 are ½ are exactly half of the whole or 50%. You can divide both 2 and 4 by 2 to get 1 and 2 respectively. If you cannot divide the numbers of a fraction by the same number, then the fraction is as simple as possible. For example, the fraction 7/8 cannot be divided by the same number, and so is completely simplified.

Converting fraction to mixed number/vice versa

Sometimes, it will be useful to convert a fraction to a mixed number or from a mixed number back into a fraction.

For sake of ease, first simplify the fraction if possible. To convert a fraction to a mixed number, you must first see if the numerator is greater than the denominator.If it is not, then you cannot create a mixed number because you do not have more than one whole.

If the numerator is greater, then subtract the denominator from the numerator. For example, if the fraction 9/8 then you subtract 9 – 8 = 1. The result is you new numerator. You then put a large number one next to the fraction to show one whole unit. So, 9/8 becomes 1 1/8.

Then, you need to check if the numerator is still greater than the denominator. In this case, it is not, and so you are done. If, however, you have the fraction 17/8, you would get 1 9/8. Because the numerator is still larger, repeat the process and add another whole unit. In this case, you would get 2 1/8. Now that the numerator is larger than the denominator, you are done.

You can also think about it as dividing the numerator by the denominator,

 

 

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Audio GED Prep Language Arts Lesson 1

Literary Devices

Literary devices are like the tools at an author’s disposal.

A simile is a comparison using the words “like” or “as”.

A metaphor is also a comparison, stronger than a simile that does not use “like” or “as”, but usually uses a form of the verb “to be”.

Descriptive language is when an author uses adjectives and adverbs to paint a vivid picture with specific details. An author needs to find a balance between using too much and too little description.

Alliteration is a device often used in poetry in which words have the same initial sound.

Allusion is when an author makes a reference to another work in order to create a desired effect.

Hyperbole is using exaggeration to make a point, such as saying that “I was so hungry I could eat a horse.”

Personification is when an author gives human attributes to an inanimate object, such as describing a fire as “running”.

An allegory is a story in which the characters, settings, or events have a deeper symbolic meaning such as George Orwell’s “Animal Farm”.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe

http://russiapedia.rt.com/basic-facts-about-russia/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia

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Lesson Summary:

Audio GED Prep Social Studies Lesson 2

North and South America, Australia

The United States and Territories

The United States is a relatively new country. Started out as settlements from many countries like Roanoke and Jamestown that eventually developed into the 13 colonies, who were loosely bound together, though they had many differences.

The colonies fought a war for independence against Great Britain and won, eventually becoming the United States of America. Gradually, new territories were admitted to the “Union” and the United States grew.

For a short while, the United States was split into two countries: the United States of America and the Confederate States of America during the period of the Civil War. At the end of the war, the two countries rejoined.

Many believed in the “manifest destiny” of the United States, which meant that the country should expand from one coast to the other. This is the case today, with the country being split into 50 states, with two states, Alaska and Hawaii, being not attached to the other 50.

The United States also has control over a variety of territories around the world, including Puerto Rico, the Virgin Island, Guam and American Samoa. There are also U.S. military installations throughout the world, with many in Europe and Asia.

The largest river in the United States is the Mississippi, which branches out into many tributaries. There are two main mountain ranges: the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.

• Canada

Canada is the second largest country in the world land wise after Russia, though most of its population lives close to its border with the United States. About 75 percent of Canadians (out of around 33 million citizens) live within 100 miles of the U.S. borders. It has more coastline than any other country, because it is bordered by the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans.

Many parts of Canada were settled by French explorers and the influence of French language and culture continues to this day. Other parts of Canada were controlled by Great Britain. Today, both English and French are official languages in Canada.

Instead of states, Canada is divided into provinces and territories. There are ten provinces, such as Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia, and three territories: The Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon. Canada includes many different islands as part of its territory including Prince Edward Island.

• Mexico

Mexico was the site of many powerful civilizations including the Olmec and the Maya. Spain conquered the region in the 16th century and turned it into a colony, but it achieved its own independence in the 19th century.

Today, it is a country that is bordered by the United States in the north and the countries of Central America in the south. It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Gulf of Mexico in the east. It includes a long peninsula that is south of the U.S. state of California called “Baja California”.

In terms of land area, it is just about three times the size of the state of Texas, though its population is around 120 million.

Mexico has 31 different states that are all self governed, and there is a special Federal District that belongs to the entire federation at a whole instead of to a specific state.

• Central America

Central America is considered part of North America, and is a narrow bridge of land that connects North America with South America. On the north,

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