Genesis 21 recounts pivotal moments in the lives of Abraham, Sarah, and their family. The chapter is primarily centered on the fulfillment of God’s promise to Abraham and Sarah through the birth of Isaac, the subsequent conflict between Sarah and Hagar, and God’s continued provision and protection.

1.Birth of Isaac: In Genesis 21:1-7, Sarah gives birth to Isaac in her old age, fulfilling God’s promise to Abraham. Sarah expresses joy and wonder, as she never believed she would bear a child at such an advanced age. Abraham names the child Isaac, meaning “he laughs,” reflecting the joyous occasion. Isaac’s birth marks a significant moment in God’s covenant with Abraham to make his descendants numerous.
2.Conflict with Hagar and Ishmael: In verses 8-21, as Isaac grows, Sarah becomes increasingly uncomfortable with Hagar and her son, Ishmael. She asks Abraham to send them away, fearing Ishmael might inherit along with Isaac. Although distressed, Abraham complies after God assures him that He will also make Ishmael into a great nation. Hagar and Ishmael are sent into the wilderness, where they face hardship until God hears their cries and provides water. God reassures Hagar that Ishmael will become a great nation, fulfilling His promise to Abraham regarding Ishmael’s descendants.
3.Covenant at Beersheba: The chapter concludes with a covenant between Abraham and Abimelech, the Philistine king, concerning a well of water. Abraham reproaches Abimelech over a disputed well, and Abimelech, affirming his innocence, agrees to make a covenant. Abraham offers livestock as a sign of peace, and they name the place Beersheba, which means “Well of the Oath.” This act underscores the importance of peaceful coexistence and the rights to essential resources, such as water, in a land often marked by scarcity.

Genesis 21 emphasizes God’s faithfulness to His promises, even in seemingly impossible situations. It also reveals themes of conflict, protection, and provision, showcasing God’s care not only for the chosen family of Abraham but also for others like Hagar and Ishmael.

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