Giants Shoulder

Professor David Nutt is the neuro­psychopharmacologist who built the world’s first science-based drug-harm scale, led the pioneering LSD brain-scan, and lost his post as the UK government’s chief drug adviser after declaring that alcohol is deadlier than LSD.

He’s the author of Drugs Without the Hot Air, Drink, Cannabis, and Psychedelics, and he’s now engineering a hangover-free alternative to booze.

Drug policy isn’t broken by accident—it’s broken by design. From kids denied life-saving cannabis to a global war on psychedelics that stalled mental-health breakthroughs for half a century, Professor Nutt reveals how politics trumped evidence, how psychedelic science is staging a comeback, and why the next revolution in public health might be an alcohol you can enjoy without poisoning your liver.

Expect to learn why alcohol tops the real league table of harm, how the famous drug-harm chart was built (and banned), what happened inside the MRI during the first LSD scan, the truth about cannabis and schizophrenia, how MDMA treats PTSD and ketamine tackles addiction, why prohibition breeds deadlier drugs like fentanyl, how hangover-free “Alcarelle” targets GABA without the toxic fallout, the regulatory red tape still strangling psychedelic research, practical advice for safer drug policy, and much more.

Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

02:35 The Truth About Drugs: A Controversial Revelation

05:32 The Political Landscape of Drug Policy

08:23 The Evidence vs. Beliefs: A Scientific Approach

11:36 The Role of Alcohol in Drug Policy

14:32 The Impact of Political Decisions on Drug Legislation

17:27 The Historical Context of Drug Bans

20:34 The Case of Medical Cannabis: A Heartbreaking Story

30:59 The Politics of Cannabis Legislation

33:06 Medical Cannabis: A Health Scandal

36:25 The Role of Medical Professionals

38:35 Neuroscience and Cannabis: Risks and Benefits

42:36 The Consequences of Drug Prohibition

50:47 Successful Drug Policies: Lessons from Portugal

55:38 The Case for Recreational Cannabis Legalization

…

📚 RECOMMENDED READING

Buy Nutt's Books Drink?: The New Science of Alcohol and Your Health: https://amzn.to/4dZTP9Z

Psychedelics: The Revolutionary Drugs That Could Change Your Life―A Guide from the Expert: https://amzn.to/3SJXAX6

Drugs without the hot air: Making sense of legal and illegal drugs: https://amzn.to/4kyu7eS

Cannabis (Seeing Through the Smoke): The New Science of Cannabis and Your Health: https://amzn.to/3FOiLo2

...

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Dr. David Hone is a paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and author of How Fast Did T. rex Run?, a myth-busting investigation into the surprising behavior, intelligence, and complexity of dinosaurs.

Forget the lumbering monsters of Jurassic Park — dinosaurs were social, strategic, and sometimes even spectacularly weird. From display structures and pack hunting to nesting behaviour and brain evolution, Dr. Hone’s work reveals the dynamic lives these creatures once lived.

Expect to learn why T. rex might not have been the top predator we imagine, how dinosaurs used feathers and horns to flirt rather than fight, whether some species cared for their young, what fossils can really tell us about intelligence, what Netflix’s Life on Our Planet got wrong and why de-extinction efforts like those by Colossal Biosciences may be based on misleading science — plus much more.

Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

02:23 The Journey into Paleontology

03:39 A Day in the Life of a Reader in Zoology

05:20 Motivations Behind Writing on Dinosaur Behavior

06:06 Understanding Dinosaur Behavior: Methods and Evidence

10:05 The Public Perception vs. Scientific Reality

11:27 Group Behaviour in Dinosaurs: Myths and Facts

12:38 Reliability of Current Knowledge on Dinosaur Behavior

20:13 Learning from Modern Animals

26:37 Lifespan and Mortality of Dinosaurs

36:08 Common Misconceptions About Dinosaurs

38:32 The Evolution of Dinosaur Representation in Media

41:16 Groundbreaking Discoveries in Paleontology

45:15 The Role of AI in Paleontological Research

58:43 The Quest for Dinosaur DNA and Soft Tissue

01:08:04 Taxonomy and the Ethics of De-Extinction

01:13:36 Defining Species and Genetic Manipulation

01:16:12 The Ethics of De-extinction

01:18:58 The Tasmanian Tiger: A Case for De-extinction?

01:21:06 The Role of Venture Capital in Genetic Projects

01:23:43 Media Representation of Scientific Advances

01:25:30 Dinosaur Recreation in Media: Accuracy vs. Entertainment 01:37:37 Understanding Animal Behaviour and Rituals

01:45:07 The Future of Paleontology and Technological Advances 01:53:07 The Value of Paleontology in Society and Science

...

📚 RECOMMENDED READING

Uncovering Dinosaur Behavior: What They Did and How We Know: https://amzn.to/4kU3a5G

The Tyrannosaur Chronicles: The Biology of the Tyrant Dinosaurs: https://amzn.to/4k0Ph4y

How Fast Did T. rex Run?: Unsolved Questions from the Frontiers of Dinosaur Science: https://amzn.to/3T0guJu

…

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Erica Komisar is a psychoanalyst, clinical social worker, and author of Chicken Little, The Sky Isn’t Falling, a fiercely debated book about raising resilient adolescents in an anxious world.

With over three decades of clinical experience, Erica argues that the roots of childhood mental illness—depression, anxiety, even ADHD—can be traced back to emotional stress in the earliest years of life, especially when children are deprived of consistent, attuned caregiving. And yes, that means daycare is in the firing line.

Expect to learn why Erica believes ADHD is not a disorder but a stress response, how early separation affects a child’s ability to regulate emotions, the neuroscience of attachment and the mother-infant bond, how economic realities clash with developmental needs, what Erica thinks most studies on daycare get wrong, how fathers and same-sex couples fit into the attachment equation, why many modern parenting myths are dangerous, and much more.

Correction: I state in the guest intro that Erica is a doctor, this is an error. Erica Komisar is not a PhD, MD or doctor of any kind. My mistake.

Timestamps:

00:00

02:50 Myths of Parenting

08:47 The Role of the Primary Attachment Figure

14:59 Consequences of Distributed Attachment

20:50 Economic Realities and Parenting Choices

22:51 The Dangers of Daycare

28:52 Understanding ADHD and Stress Responses

30:15 The Genetic Debate on ADHD

32:09 Sensitive Children and Environmental Impact

34:38 Daycare: The Controversial Effects

37:32 Alternatives to Daycare

40:45 Community Solutions for Childcare

51:30 The Role of Parents in Same-Sex Partnerships

…

📚 RECOMMENDED READING

Chicken Little, The Sky Isn’t Falling: https://amzn.to/4dvh8YX

_Follow My Neuroscience Podcast - The Giants Shoulder_

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Dr. Anina Rich is a cognitive neuroscientist and one of the world’s foremost experts on synesthesia — the rare phenomenon where senses merge, allowing people to see music, taste shapes, or feel touch by sight alone.But synesthesia isn’t a neurological glitch — it’s a window into how all of our brains construct reality.

In this conversation, we explore how synesthesia reveals the brain’s hidden architecture: how we fuse the senses, how attention shapes perception, and why reality itself might just be a controlled hallucination.

Expect to learn what it’s like to taste triangles, why some people feel physical pain when watching someone else get hurt, whether psychedelics can trigger temporary synesthesia, the strange science of sound-color associations, how the brain decides what to notice (and what to ignore), what synesthesia tells us about consciousness, why your brain doesn’t just perceive the world but predicts it, and how understanding this might make us more compassionate, focused, and self-aware.This is one of the most mind-bending explorations of perception and consciousness ever recorded.

Timestamps:

00:00 Introduction

01:56 Exploring Reality and Perception

03:57 Understanding Synesthesia

12:54 The Subjectivity of Experience

14:44 The Complexity of Conscious Experience

18:00 Developmental Theories of Synesthesia

22:17 Personal Experiences and Synesthetic Associations 30:30 Common Patterns in Synesthetic Experiences

30:36 Exploring Synesthesia and Its Mechanisms

31:56 Brain Connectivity and Synesthetic Experiences

33:44 Innovative Research Methods in Synesthesia

38:58 Understanding Perception Through Synesthesia

42:56 Implications of Synesthesia on Consciousness

47:42 Attention and Its Role in Perception

52:53 Synesthesia and Psychedelics

56:00 Creativity and Synesthesia

57:52 The Subjectivity of Conscious Experience

01:00:05 Future Directions in Synesthesia Research

...

_Follow My Neuroscience Podcast - The Giants Shoulder_

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Dr. Nicholas Fabiano is a psychiatrist, researcher, and rising star in the world of mental health who’s challenging the foundations of how we diagnose and treat mental illness.

He believes depression isn’t just in your head — it’s in your whole body. From prescribing exercise as medicine to exploring the role of creatine in mood and cognition, Dr. Fabiano is pioneering a new, evidence-based psychiatry that breaks free from outdated diagnostic boxes and recognizes the deep connection between mental and physical health.

Expect to learn why the DSM fails to capture the complexity of depression, how exercise can match or exceed the effects of antidepressants, what creatine actually does in the brain, whether it could work as a standalone treatment, how psychiatry can benefit from AI and wearable data, why gait speed might predict IQ, whether cats really increase your risk of schizophrenia, and what it means to treat a person — not a label.

Plus, we dissect Dr. Fabiano’s most viral science threads, viewed by millions, and end with one big question:Could creatine save your personality?

Timestamps:

00:02:08 The Interconnection of Mental and Physical Health

00:04:59 Redefining Diagnostic Criteria in Mental Health

00:08:12 Challenges in Integrating Mental and Physical Health

00:11:15 The Role of AI in Diagnostics and Treatment

00:14:10 The Future of Prophylactic Care and Wearable Technology

00:17:08 The Importance of Exercise in Mental Health Treatment

00:31:09 The Importance of Proper Exercise Prescription

00:34:17 Reframing Exercise for Mental Health

00:40:23 Understanding the FIT Principle for Exercise

00:48:09 Creatine: A New Frontier in Mental Health

00:57:46 The Case for Universal Creatine Supplementation

01:00:06 Creatine and Sleep Deprivation

01:02:08 Creatine's Mechanism in Cognitive Function

01:04:06 Creatine and Depression: Exploring the Connection

01:05:57 Dietary Creatine and Mental Health

01:08:10 Forms of Creatine: What You Need to Know

01:10:04 Dosage and Timing of Creatine Supplementation

01:12:05 Creatine and Bipolar Disorder: A Cautionary Tale

01:14:03 Creatine's Role in Schizophrenia

01:18:15 Caffeine and Creatine: The Interaction

01:20:05 Exercise, Creatine, and Depression

01:22:04 Future Research Directions for Creatine

01:23:56 Creatine for Vegetarians and Vegans

01:29:47 Exploring the Efficacy of Creatine

01:30:14 Neuroscientific Insights on Emotional Bonds

01:32:28 Dietary Impacts on Brain Cancer Survival Rates

01:36:07 The Ketogenic Diet and Mental Health Applications

01:39:18 The Connection Between Pet Ownership and Mental Health

01:42:22 Coffee's Role in Aging and Cognitive Function

01:45:29 Daytime Napping and Brain Volume

01:47:55 Dog Ownership, Physical Activity, and Dementia Risk

01:49:57 Walking Speed as a Proxy for Cognitive Function

...

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Follow Dr Fabiano on X (He Posts Awesome Content) : https://x.com/NTFabianoCreatine as a treatment for depression: A brain bioenergetics perspective - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40215588/

Dr. Chris Summerfield is a neuroscientist, cognitive scientist, and author of These Strange New Minds — a groundbreaking exploration of whether machines like ChatGPT are starting to think, and what that reveals about human intelligence itself.

Summerfield has spent his career studying how the brain perceives, predicts, abstracts, and decides — and now he's using that knowledge to decode how artificial systems are learning to do the same, often without being told how.

Expect to learn why your brain might just be doing autocomplete on reality, how AI systems are starting to mirror human thought through pure prediction, why large language models can form meaning without understanding, how intelligence might just be compression, why abstraction is the secret weapon of both humans and machines, how AIs trained on language are learning the structure of the world, what it means that they’re beginning to talk to each other, whether these systems could develop agency, and why the most profound insights about our own minds may come from the machines we’ve built — and no longer fully understand.

Timestamps:

01:40 The Evolution of Deep Learning

04:41 Language Generation Breakthroughs

07:43 Human vs AI Language Production

10:49 Neuroscience and Language Models

13:45 The Journey to Computational Neuroscience

16:26 Neuro-AI: Bridging Two Fields

19:52 Understanding Neural Networks and the Brain

22:46 Neural Manifolds and Their Significance

25:36 The Impact of AI on Neuroscience

28:43 Future Directions in Neuro-AI

32:31 Exploring Foundation Models in Behavioral Science

37:49 Understanding and Misunderstanding AI Outputs

42:42 The Rise of Multimodal AI Models

46:36 AI Safety and Ethical Considerations

59:11 Aligning AI with Human Values

...

📚 RECOMMENDED READING

These Strange New Minds: https://amzn.to/4jKowBO

...

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Tom Ebeyer is the founder of the Aphantasia Network, the world’s largest organisation dedicated to understanding the invisible differences in how people experience mental imagery — or in some cases, don’t experience it at all.

Aphantasia is the inability to visualise images in the mind’s eye — a condition that affects how we remember, dream, feel emotion, and even plan for the future. Most people who have it don’t even realise it.

Expect to learn how Tom discovered he couldn’t picture anything in his head, how aphantasia can protect people from PTSD, why some artists and scientists thrive without mental imagery, how memories and dreams are fundamentally different in people with aphantasia, why it might make you a better thinker, how it shapes creativity, attention, and emotion, what’s actually happening in the brain — and why most people have no idea what their own inner experience is really like.

Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

01:55 Understanding Aphantasia: The Basics

04:59 The Spectrum of Consciousness

07:52 Mental Health and Aphantasia

10:48 Coping with Aphantasia

13:57 Memory and Aphantasia

16:55 The Creative Process

19:51 The Impact of Labels

22:53 Dreams and Inner Experience

25:43 Diversity of Conscious Experience

42:42 Exploring Inner Experiences and Prosopagnosia

45:40 Attention and Sensory Awareness

50:23 Understanding Aphantasia and Brain Activity

54:03 Current Research and Future Directions in Aphantasia

58:26 The Mission of the Aphantasia Network

01:02:15 Training and Adapting to Aphantasia

01:07:03 Navigating Life with Aphantasia

01:12:15 The Future of Aphantasia Research

01:19:30 Advice for Those Discovering Aphantasia.

..

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_Follow My Neuroscience Podcast - The Giants Shoulder_

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Check out the Full Podcast with leading consciousness researcher Dr Anil Seth here - https://youtu.be/lOSA06K0l1o

Anil Seth is a neuroscientist, author, and one of the world's leading experts in consciousness research. His TED talk Your Brain Hallucinates Your Conscious Experience has captivated over 17 million viewers, and his groundbreaking book Being You explores the incredible mystery of perception and consciousness.Buy Being You (It's Genuinely Great) - https://amzn.to/4ccATngYour brain is constantly hallucinating your reality—it's predicting, guessing, and making mistakes every moment of your life. Understanding these hallucinations can radically alter your view of what’s real, what’s illusion, and how your emotions are truly made.Expect to learn why the famous ‘dress illusion’ broke the internet, how your brain invents colors that don't objectively exist, why emotions aren't reliable signals but brain-generated best guesses, whether your kitchen exists when no one’s observing it, why AI might never experience true consciousness, how optical illusions reveal the brain’s hidden mechanisms, and much more

Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor is a Harvard-trained neuroanatomist and author of My Stroke of Insight, one of the most powerful and widely viewed neuroscience stories of all time.

At 37, Dr. Taylor suffered a catastrophic hemorrhagic stroke that shut down the entire left hemisphere of her brain. As a brain scientist, she watched her mind unravel from the inside out—losing language, identity, memory, and self. But what she found on the other side wasn’t just silence—it was peace, euphoria, and a profound sense of oneness with the universe.

Expect to learn what it feels like to lose your ego, why the present moment can be pure bliss, how the brain builds our sense of self, how trauma and recovery reshape neural circuits, the shocking difference between left and right hemisphere consciousness, what happens when the fear and judgment centers go offline, how Jill rebuilt her brain through neuroplasticity, why she believes anyone can choose peace at any moment, how the Four Characters of the brain drive our behavior, the surprising neuroscience behind “enlightenment,” why psychedelics and stroke are not the same, and much more

Timestamps:

02:00 Introduction to Jill's Fascination with Brains

04:51 Understanding Brain Differences: A Personal Journey

08:01 Stroke vs. Schizophrenia: Exploring Connections

10:56 The Day of the Stroke: A Life-Changing Experience

14:05 The Fascination of the Stroke Experience

17:10 Cognitive Dissonance During the Stroke

19:52 The Aftermath: Recovery and Insights

23:02 Comparing Experiences: Stroke and Psychedelics

26:08 The Impact of Brain Trauma on Spirituality

28:53 Neuroanatomy and Recovery Strategies

32:45 The Complexity and Consistency of the Brain

34:47 Understanding Neuroplasticity and Learning

36:42 The Blessing of a Stroke Experience

39:40 Awakening in the Hospital

44:23 Choosing Recovery Over Surrender

47:10 The Intersection of Science and Spirituality

51:44 Motivation to Rewire the Brain

58:22 The Journey of Neurogenesis and Recovery

01:05:16 The Journey of Recovery and Consciousness

01:12:58 Understanding Whole Brain Living

01:26:12 Differentiation and Control of Brain States.

📚 RECOMMENDED READING

My Stroke Of Insight: https://amzn.to/3GsU8gz

Whole Brain Living: https://amzn.to/4lV3Ngd

...

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_Follow My Neuroscience Podcast - The Giants Shoulder_

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Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/ie/podcast/brief-enquiry-to-the-brain/id1752486249

Dr. Nick Enfield is a linguistic anthropologist and author of Language vs. Reality: Why Language Is Good for Lawyers and Bad for Scientists, a mind-bending exploration of how words shape — and distort — the world we live in.

Language isn’t just a tool for communication. It’s a tool for persuasion, manipulation, and coordination. It rewires our perception, memory, emotions, and beliefs — often without us even realizing it.

Expect to learn why describing a face can make you forget it, how language evolved not to describe reality but to influence others, why humans are unmatched in social cognition, how categories reshape perception and strip away detail, why smell is nearly impossible to describe in English, how different cultures use language to sculpt emotions and relationships, why learning new languages expands the self, how words create in-groups and out-groups, the dark art of branding and political messaging — and why your sentences might be gaslighting your senses.

Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

02:10 The Origins of Language

05:07 The Evolution of Communication

08:17 Language as a Tool for Action

11:16 The Role of Social Cognition

14:19 Language and Tool Use

17:23 The Brain and Language Development

20:11 Language and Memory

23:05 The Subjectivity of Language

25:57 Language Distorting Reality

42:39 Cultural Perception of Smells

44:25 Color Vocabulary and Its Importance

46:45 The Influence of Language on Perception

51:54 Kinship Terms and Cultural Context

58:58 Language and Social Accountability

01:03:46 Emotions and Language Framing

01:12:34 Marketing Language and Brand Identity

01:14:48 The Aesthetic of Branding

01:17:14 The Power of Narrative in Language

01:18:46 The Social Function of Stories

01:22:45 The Role of Stories in Identity Formation

01:30:59 Language as a Tool for Group Identity

01:36:37 The Impact of Language on Perception

01:40:50 Learning Languages to Expand Perspectives

...

📚 RECOMMENDED READING

Why Language Is Good for Lawyers and Bad for Scientists: https://amzn.to/4cHQImj

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