Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the frequency of respiratory tract infections in children and the management of acute cough in children. He will also discuss the respiratory tract infection leaflet available on antibioticprescribing.ie. 

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the diagnosis of asthma in both adults & children in 2025, including the history. He will also discuss the objective test to be done and a reminder that asthma diagnosis is made by a combination of both the suggested history and an objective test.

 Dr Paul Ryan will discuss how NSAIDs decrease the efficacy of Aspirin and increase the cardiovascular and bleeding risk 

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss anticholinergic medication adverse effects, which include:

• Reduced cognition and the risk of dementia
• Major adverse cardiac events

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the causes & symptoms of Bronchiolitis. He will also discuss the differential diagnosis of bronchiolitis, the risk factors for more severe bronchiolitis and when hospital referral is required. 

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the introduction to solid foods in babies with GORD, red flags associated with GORD & risk factors for GORD.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the following with regard to community acquired pneumonia in children:

• Majority of pneumonia in children are caused by viruses
• Absence of Tachypnea makes pneumonia unlikely in children
• Distinguish between bacterial & viral pneumonia and the risk factors associated with bacterial pneumonia
• Management of child who does not require hospitalisation
• Indication for hospitalisation referral in both children < 1 year of age & > 1 year of age

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the general management of GORD in both breastfed and bottle-fed babies, along with the pharmacological therapy used to manage GORD.

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the definition, the assessment of severity and the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults. 

Dr Paul Ryan will discuss the difference between Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux and Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease, the prevalence of regurgitation of food in infants, and the diagnosis of GORD.