The Tonton Macoute was a secret police force established by Haitian physician and dictator, Francois Duvalier, better known as Papa Doc. The Macoute brutalized the Haitian people and hijacked the country’s Vodou traditions to invoke fear of a mythical bogeyman. We’re going to go through the history of Haiti: how it was found by Europeans, the slave trade, the types of crops cultivated in Haiti, slave rebellion, and of course the secret police. 

We’re going to find out how Papa Doc got into power. Who led the Tonton Macoute through its years of activity? Why did Papa Doc find it necessary to establish such a brutal institution? And how close was this regime to the US government?

Empires Podcast the Ottomans hosted by Frank:

https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/empires-podcast-the-ottomans/id1439365965

Sources:

Perspectives in History Podcast. Haitian Revolution (series). 

Real Dictators. Papa Doc (series). Noiser Podcasts. August 2020.

Christopher Columbus: Bad Explorer, Great Conman. Biographics. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pe9_FAANig8&t=143s&ab_channel=Biographics 

A Tale of Two Islands. Hoser. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U67cf6VDhXM&ab_channel=hoser 

State Areas

https://wisevoter.com/state-rankings/states-by-area/#:~:text=Alaska%2C%20the%20largest%20state%2C%20covers,state%2C%20boasts%20163%2C695%20square%20miles. 

Vodou: Haiti's African-Derived Religion. ReligionForBreakfast. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VofAQYxcHHY&ab_channel=ReligionForBreakfast 

Vodou, Serving the Spirits. Harvard University. The Pluralism Project. 2020. /https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/pluralism/files/vodou-serving_the_spirits_0.pdf 

The Origins of the Zombie, from Haiti to the U.S. | Monstrum. Storied. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIGmsxBMnjA&ab_channel=Storied 

Stannard, David E. (October 14, 1993). "American holocaust : the conquest of the New World". New York: Oxford University Press – via Internet Archive.

Thornton, Russel (1987). American Indian holocaust and survival : a population history since 1492. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8061-2074-4.

Churchill, Ward, A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present, City Lights, 1997, 381 pages, p. 86, ISBN 978-0-87286-323-1

Sheri P. Rosenberg, "Genocide Is a Process, Not an Event," Genocide Studies and Prevention 7, 1 (April 2012): 16–23. © 2012 Genocide Studies and Prevention. doi: 10.3138/gsp.7.1.16

David Moshman (2007) Us and Them: Identity and Genocide, Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7:2, p. 125, DOI: 10.1080/15283480701326034,

Alexander Laban Hinton, "Critical Genocide Studies," Genocide Studies and Prevention 7, 1 (April 2012): 4–15. © 2012 Genocide Studies and Prevention. doi: 10.3138/gsp.7.1.4, p. 11

Keegan, William F., "Destruction of the Taino" in Archaeology. January/February 1992, pp. 51–56.

Grenke, Arthur. God, greed, and genocide: The Holocaust through the centuries. NewAcademia Publishing, LLC, 2005. pp. 141–143, 200.

Rosenbaum, Alan S. Is the Holocaust unique?: perspectives on comparative genocide. Routledge, 2018. p. 302.

Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2010, p. 310.

Norman M Naimark, Genocide a world history , OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2017, p. 39.

Jones, Adam. 2006. Genocide: a comprehensive introduction. London: Routledge. pp. 108–111.

Dr. Mu-Kien Adriana Sang (1999). Dr. Mu-Kien Adriana Sang (ed.). Historia Dominicana: Ayer y Hoy (in Spanish). SUSAETA Ediciones Dominicanas. pp. 78–79, 81.

The Dictator’s Handbook. Bruce Bueno De Mesquita & Alaster Smith. 2011.

The Haitian Revolution. A Documentary History. David Geggus.

Feature History - Haitian Revolution (Parts 1 & 2). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9KbN5EFajk&ab_channel=FeatureHistory 

A Super Quick History of Haiti. Mr History. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-XZLYGlLBA&ab_channel=MrHistory 

Yaws Disease. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25011-yaws 

FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1958–1960, AMERICAN REPUBLICS, VOLUME V. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v05/d309 

Juang, R. M., & Morrissette, N. (2008). Africa and the Americas : culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.

Secretary of Legation Davis to the Secretary of State. Department of State, Washington, January 12, 1916. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1916/d352#:~:text=Since%201886%E2%80%94when%20General%20Salomon,and%20six%20driven%20from%20office. 

Florida Department of State. Division of Corporations. https://search.sunbiz.org/Inquiry/corporationsearch/SearchResultDetail?inquirytype=EntityName&directionType=ForwardList&searchNameOrder=HEMOCARIBBEAN%203681800&aggregateId=domp-368180-f7bebe83-4e09-4b58-8d66-efad7640d000&searchTerm=HEMMER%20&listNameOrder=HEMOCARE%20L410570 

Transatlantic Slave Trade Data

https://www.un.org/en/observances/decade-people-african-descent/slave-trade#:~:text=For%20over%20400%20years%2C%20more,darkest%20chapters%20in%20human%20history.  

Alan Whicker meets Papa Doc 1969. Chatham43. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMAbmaNHSoM&ab_channel=chatham43 

Sugar cane and milling

Mastering Sugar Cane Cultivation: Easy Steps to Grow and Harvest Sugarcane in Your Home Garden! California Gardening. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpnWyB-KLXg&ab_channel=CaliforniaGardening

How Sugar is Made. Factora. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-MJORaNkSQ&t=214s&ab_channel=Factora 

How to Make Best Sugar from Sugar Cane? 龙梅梅Longmeimei. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iqG6VDoRPQ&t=528s&ab_channel=%E9%BE%99%E6%A2%85%E6%A2%85Longmeimei 

Music:

Scorching Action by Jonathan Margrove

Blood Kiss by Hainbach - Topics

Sneaky Snitch by Kevin MacLeod 

The Vastness by Amber Waldron

Kalahari Wind by Humans Win

Cinematic Ambient Orchestral Drama Trailer by MEDIA MUSIC GROUP

Tension In The Dark by Jon Presstone

Dramatic Investigation by Jon Presstone

Exploring The Possibility by Jon Presstone

Gnossienne No. 1 by Erik Satie