In “Trojan Women”, the Athenian playwright Euripides highlights an aspect of the Trojan War neglected by Christopher Nolan in “The Odyssey”: the true horror of Troy’s capture and destruction. In this episode, Emily and Cam break down Euripides’ play. Produced at Athens mere months after the Athenians captured Melos (where the Athenians killed all of the men and enslaved the city’s women and children), Euripides’ play offers a powerful and moving depiction of war’s impact on its victims by exploring the suffering and heroism of three Trojan women: Hecuba, Cassandra, and Andromache.

Visit our homepage to subscribe, to find us on social media, and to contact us by email:

• https://havetogawilltravel.com

If you liked this episode, buy us a coffee:

• Our Ko-Fi page

Links to previous episodes mentioned in this show:

• Our episode about Christopher Nolan’s Odyssey.
• Our episode about Sophocles’ Philoctetes.

Watch Michael Cacoyannis’ film version of the Trojan Women on Daily Motion.

Cover image adapted from a photo of George Romney’s “Lady Emma Hamilton as Cassandra”, taken by Jan Arkesteijn (Wikimedia Commons).

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00:10 - Introduction

02:16 - Content Warning!

02:53 - Euripides’ Trojan Women

• 02:56 - Euripides and his work
• 06:49 - The Play’s Context: the Peloponnesian War and the sack of Melos

11:12 - Plot Synopsis

• 11:14 - Poseidon and Athena hatch a scheme
• 13:16 - Talthybius, Hecuba, and the Allotment of the Captives to Agamemnon, Neoptolemus, and Odysseus
• 15:09 - Cassandra
• 16:05 - Andromache
• 17:16 - The agon: Menelaus, Helen, and Hecuba
• 21:57 - The funeral of Astyanax and the death of Troy

23:00 - War and Suffering: Hecuba and Talthybius

• 23:26 - Christopher Nolan’s Odyssey and Euripides’ Trojan Women: a difference in perspective
• 25:09 - The Pain of Hecuba, Cassandra, and Andromache (and a digression on Odysseus)
• 29:35 - Hecuba: Leadership and Resilience
• 33:11 - The Empathy of Talthybius

39:23 - Agency and Humanity

• 39:46 - The women as heroes
• 39:54 - Cassadra’s vengeance
• 40:42 - Andromache, Neoptolemus, and Astyanax
• 41:57 - Hecuba
• 43:04 - Helen and Talthybius

45:04 - Fortune is Fickle

• 45:51 - Greek literature and the instability of fortune
• 48:00 - Agency again: fate and choice

50:57 - The Victors and their Comeuppance

• 51:20 - Nolan’s view on war and society
• 52:12 - Euripides and the wrath of the gods
• 54:54 - Digression: Michael Cacoyannis’ “Trojan Women”, featuring Irene Papas

55:53 - Athens and the Trojan Women

• 56:53 - Empathy for the victims of warfare
• 57:32 - Euripides as Cassandra?

59:11 – Final Thoughts and Wrap-up

When modern authors and filmmakers like Christopher Nolan adapt ancient myths and characters, they are following an old and well-worn precedent. In this episode, Emily and Cam explore how the Athenian playwright Sophocles adapted a well-known story about Odysseus and used it in his play, Philoctetes, to explore questions about deception, persuasion, and intractable situations.

Visit our homepage to subscribe, to find us on social media, and to contact us by email:

• https://havetogawilltravel.com

If you liked this episode, buy us a coffee:

• Our Ko-Fi page

Links to our episodes dealing with the Odyssey:

• Our overview of Homer’s Odyssey.
• Our episode about Christopher Nolan’s Odyssey.
• Our episode about the “The Return”, Uberto Passolini’s splendid 2024 adaptation of Homer’s Odyssey.

Links to our other episodes touching on ancient drama (or adaptations thereof):

• Aeschylus’ Persians: The OG Greek Tragedy.
• Something for everyone! Plautus and “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum”.

Cover image: Lekythos depicting Philoctetes in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (56.171.58); adapted from a photo by Marie-Lan Nguyen, Wikimedia Commons.

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00:11 - Introduction

02:50 - Sophocles’ Philoctetes

• 02:55 - The performance: 409, at the end of the Peloponnesian War
• 03:07 - Athenian Tragedy in the late 5th century: actors and the chorus
• 05:37 - The competitive context

07:26 - The Myth of Philoctetes

• 07:39 - Son of Poias
• 07:57 - Philoctetes, the Trojan War, and Lemnos
• 09:37 - Philoctetes and the Bow of Herakles

10:30 - Philoctetes: Plot Summary

• 10:43 - The opening scene: a plot is hatched
• 13:22 - The encounter with Philoctetes
• 15:10 - The “merchant” enters the scene
• 18:00 - Philoctetes’ seizure and Neoptolemus’ moral crisis
• 18:57 - Odysseus’ surprise entry
• 20:21 - Odysseus and Neoptolemus have a spat
• 21:35 - The epiphany

22:17 - Sophocles’ innovations

• 22:54 - Lemnos: a deserted island
• 23:25 - Neoptolemus replaces Diomedes
• 24:36 - A digression on other plays about Philoctetes: Aeschylus and Euripides

25:57 - Odysseus in Philoctetes

• 26:10 - Odysseus as trickster
• 27:14 - The Homeric precedent
• 28:23 - Sophocles’ move: Odysseus, disguise, and a destabilization of trust: are the minor characters who they say they are?

35:26 - Deception in Philoctetes

• 35:35 - Is Odysseus the play’s “bad guy”?
• 38:43 - The chorus has a different view!
• 39:10 - Philoctetes isn’t a straightforward “good guy”!
• 40:48 - Neoptolemus: is deception good when you do it to help someone else?
• 43:57 - Sophocles doesn’t give us easy lessons

44:43 - Intractable Problems

• 45:04 - The impasse
• 46:33 - The epiphany of Heracles and what it might mean
• 48:47 - A happy ending for Philoctetes—and for Odysseus!
• 50:15 - The value of deception: an open question (and Sophocles’ brilliance)

51:21 - Wrap-up

Emily and Cam take on Christopher Nolan’s film, “The Odyssey.” Everyone has an opinion on this movie, and Emily and Cam are no different. Sheep, and Cyclops, and Circe, oh my!

Visit our homepage to subscribe, to find us on social media, and to contact us by email:

• https://havetogawilltravel.com

If you liked this episode, buy us a coffee:

• Our Ko-Fi page

Useful Links:

• Listen to our overview of Homer’s Odyssey.
• Listen to our episode about the “The Return”, Uberto Passolini’s splendid 2024 adaptation of Homer’s Odyssey.

Cover image: adapted from “The Wine-Dark Sea,” a photo by Alan Hughes, Wikimedia Commons.

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00:11 - Introduction

• 01:06 - The bottom line (good and bad)
• 02:39 - The film as a reflecting pool (or theater set)

03:52 - Synopsis

06:45 - What we loved

• 06:49 - Practical effects and a textured world (featuring the sheep!)
• 10:10 - The film’s visual language: costumes, colors, props, palaces (historical accuracy is NOT the goal here)
• 14:04 - A deep and talented bench of actors (with a shoutout to Himesh Patel and John Leguizamo)
• 17:31 - Some choice storytelling moments
• 20:02 - The adventure stories: Polyphemus’ cave; the sirens; the underworld; Circe
• 27:23 - Athena and the other gods

29:14 - Approaching Nolan's Odyssey

• 29:21 - How we evaluate movies like this: give us a smart adaptation that does something interesting!
• 30:32 - The story Nolan wants to tell: war damages both individuals and societies, causing trauma and social collapse
• 33:52 - The main problem: too much telling, not enough showing

36:25 - Odysseus breaks the world?

• 36:38 - The setup: Zeus’ Law, the Trojan Horse, and the Sea Peoples
• 37:09 - The horse: a gift for Athena, or a gift for Zeus?
• 38:37 - Odysseus and his crew as the “Sea Peoples”: an unconvincing yarn
• 44:14 - The Sea Peoples as a hollow threat?

47:17 - Odysseus traumatized?

• 47:36 - The nature of Odysseus’ suffering
• 48:11 - Odysseus and his (lack of?) relationships with his crew
• 49:29 - Odysseus and Sinon
• 52:11 - Odysseus miraculously recovers (but doesn’t seem to learn anything?)

53:58 - Violence in Nolan’s film

• 54:39 - Christopher Nolan’s take on depicting violence and alienating audiences
• 55:52 - The horrors witnessed by Odysseus at Troy
• 57:29 - Odysseus takes on the suitors

59:49 - Unsatisfying Endings

• 60:08 - The problems with Penelope (and her treehouse bed!)
• 63:02 - Rushed endings and dangling resolutions
• 65:02 - Words of wisdom spoken at the bar

66:18 - Final takeaways: our thoughts on why this film looks the way it does

• 66:30 - The Adventure Stories (a.k.a. the Odyssey Trap)
• 67:49 - Unsatisfying stakes?
• 68:59 - Odysseus the hero

71:16 - Wrap-up

Need a refresher on Homer’s Odyssey before you watch the upcoming movie by Christopher Nolan? Emily and Cam have got you covered! In this episode, they break down the poem’s plot and its major themes as they explore topics like Odysseus’ reliability as a narrator (spoiler alert: he has none whatsoever!) and Penelope’s own craftiness.

Visit our homepage to subscribe, to find us on social media, and to contact us by email:

• https://havetogawilltravel.com

If you liked this episode, buy us a coffee:

• Our Ko-Fi page

Useful Links:

• Listen to our episode about the “The Return”, Uberto Passolini’s splendid 2024 adaptation of Homer’s Odyssey.

Cover image: “Archaic or late geometric period krater depicting Odysseus and a friend stabbing the giant Polyphemus in his only eye, clay, 670 BCE, Archaeological Museum of Argos.” Photo by Mary Harrsh, Wikimedia Commons.

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00:11 - Introduction

01:40 - What is the Odyssey?

• 01:46 - The Odyssey, the Iliad, and other epic poems
• 02:23 - The Homer problem. Do we know who wrote the Odyssey, and when?
• 06:54 - An overview of the Odyssey’s plot
• 10:14 - The poem and its 24 “books”

11:00 - The Telemachy: Narrative

• 11:23 - Athena visits Ithaka
• 12:08 - Athena’s plans for Odysseus’ son Telemachus
• 13:55 - Telemachus sets sail on an adventure to visit Nestor, Menelaus, and Helen

17:50 - The Telemachy: Themes

• 18:01 - The vulnerability of Telemachus’ position
• 19:39 - Hospitality: gracious hosts and happy guests

21:43 - Sailing to Ithaka: Narrative

• 22:06 - Odysseus escapes the Island of Calypso
• 23:18 - Shipwrecked again! Odysseus and the Phaeacians
• 29:28 - Odysseus tells the story of his adventures (the Cyclops, Circe, the underworld, the sirens, Scylla and Charybdis—and some other good bits)
• 41:29 - The Phaeacians send Odysseus home

42:11 - Sailing to Ithaka: Themes

• 42:18 - More on hospitality: bad hosts and dodgy guests
• 45:19 - Odysseus, the man of suffering
• 46:30 - Odysseus, the unreliable narrator
• 62:50 - A postscript on the poem’s mythical geography

55:37 - Ithaka at last!: Narrative

• 55:51 - Odysseus visits Eumaeus
• 56:41 - Telemachus returns to Ithaka—and Odysseus hatches a plan
• 58:42 - Odysseus among the suitors in disguise
• 59:57 - Penelope, Odysseus, and Eurycleia
• 62:23 - Penelope’s contest, Odysseus’ bow, and a massacre
• 64:48 - Reunions: Odysseus and Penelope, Odysseus and Laertes
• 65:53 - The final battle (and a deus ex machina)

66:39 - Ithaka at last!: Themes

• 66:43 - How much revenge is TOO much?
• 72:33 - Penelope, that crafty girl

79:41 - Final bits and bobs

• 79:50 - The popularity of the Odyssey over time
• 80:37 - Our hopes for Nolan’s film

81:45 - Wrap-up

Have you ever wondered what a bath-house architect from ancient Rome would think if he found himself swept through a time warp into a modern Japanese Spa? Wonder no more! Emily and Cam discuss Thermae Romae, a 2012 Japanese Film that seeks to explore precisely this question by dramatizing the adventures of one Lucius Modestus, an engineer who becomes Emperor Hadrian’s personal bath-house designer.

Visit our homepage to subscribe, to find us on social media, and to contact us by email:

• https://havetogawilltravel.com

If you liked this episode, buy us a coffee:

• Our Ko-Fi page

Useful Links:

• Watch Thermae Romae (with English Subtitles) on Dailymotion
• Watch the Thermae Romae Novae anime series on Netflix

Cover art adapted from Joseph Theodor Hansen, "Tepidarium at the Forum Baths in Pompeii"

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00:11 - Introduction

01:56 - Thermae Romae: the basics

• 02:28 - How to watch Thermae Romae
• 03:29 - A plot summary: Lucius Modestus travels through time, learns lots about Japanese bathing culture, and applies his knowledge to Roman bath-houses in the time of Hadrian
• 06:59 - The original Thermae Romae manga series
• 08:13 - The film’s success and the Thermae Romae Universe

10:17 - A Fish-out-of-Water Comedy

• 10:24 - The basic premise and some of the movie’s quirks
• 13:35 - Modern Japanese and Ancient Roman bathing cultures, compared
• 19:16 - Lucius bumbles his way through modern Japan and discovers the marvels of Japanese bathing
• 26:05 - Poking fun of Japanese onsen culture (and a digression on the challenges of translation)

29:46 - Thermae Romae and Roman Culture

• 29:56 - A quirky interpretation of real Roman history: the reign of Hadrian, the death of Antinous, and the question of succession (and deification!)
• 38:54 - Lucius’ (very Japanese) critique of Roman bathing culture
• 42:09 - Does Lucius’ critique hold water? Imperial bath-houses, neighborhood bath-houses, and bath-house sociability
• 47:04 - The old men from the onsen teach Lucius to care less about honor and more about community spirit
• 49:36 - Some final thoughts about the movie

51:25 - Wrap-up

• 51:31 - What’s up next: the Odyssey—both Homer’s Odyssey, and Nolan’s Odyssey
• 52:26 - A plug for “The Return” (and for our episode about it!)

We’re dropping a quick note in our feed to remind you that we’re on vacation and won’t be releasing a full episode on June 15, but also to tease a couple of upcoming episodes—including a couple on Homer’s Odyssey and Christopher Nolan’s film of the same name!

Visit our homepage to subscribe, to find us on social media, and to contact us by email:

• https://havetogawilltravel.com

Read the first in our series of blog posts on Hadrian’s Wall here:

• Hiking Hadrian’s Wall, Part I

If you haven’t done so already, have a listen to our episode on The Return, a 2024 film adaptation of the Odyssey starring Ralph Fiennes and Juliette Binoche:

• Homer’s Odyssey on Film: “The Return”

Emily and Cam wrap up their series on hiking Hadrian’s Wall Path with a discussion of the final 31 miles of the Wall. Follow along as they explore medieval monuments made of wallstone, find themselves treed by some cows, and are regaled with tales of cannibals (human and otherwise!).

Visit our homepage to subscribe, to find us on social media, and to contact us by email:

• https://havetogawilltravel.com

If you liked this episode, buy us a coffee:

• Our Ko-Fi page

Read the first post in our series of blog posts on Hadrian’s Wall here:

• Hiking Hadrian’s Wall, Part I

If you’re interested in hiking the Wall, you’ll find the following resources helpful:

• Walking Hadrian’s Wall Path, by Mark Richards (Cicerone Press)
• Hadrian’s Wall Path, by Anthony Burton (National Trails Official Guidebook)
• Harvey Maps, Map of Hadrian’s Wall Path

Finally, you’ll find the rest of the episodes in this series at the following links:

• Hadrian’s Wall, Part I: The Romans in Britain and the Imperial Frontier
• Hadrian’s Wall, Part II: Walking from Wallsend to Carrawburgh
• Hadrian’s Wall, Part III: Hiking the Crags (Sewingshields to Birdoswald)

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00:11 - Introduction

1. 00:24 - Episode overview
2. 01:11 - Housekeeping and Summer vacation

02:41 - Birdoswald to Haytongate

1. 03:16 - The character of the trail and the last visible elements of the Wall
2. 05:44 - Honesty Boxes and the Haytongate Hut

06:56 - Lanercost Priory

1. 07:22 - A priory built of wallstone: the history of Lanercost
2. 10:52 - Exploring Lanercost (and our encounter with Max)

12:24 - Haytongate to Carlisle

1. 12:46 - An unpleasant encounter with cows
2. 14:37 - “Where’s the Wall,” or the perils of starting in the west
3. 15:55 - Crosby on Eden, haggis, and black pudding
4. 17:59 - The Wall at the River Eden: Uxelodunum and Milecastle 66

18:27 - Carlisle

1. 18:56 - Carlisle Castle: Luguvalium becomes the old Norman keep
2. 21:31 - Richard III, Mary Queen of Scots, and the Jacobites: Carlisle Castle’s long history
3. 24:52 - Another encounter with Max
4. 27:00 - Carlisle Cathedral (and more plundered wallstone)
5. 28:47 - Carlisle’s Guildhall
6. 30:06 - Misadventures in Carlisle dining

31:46 - Carlisle to Bowness on Solway

1. 32:14 - Burgh by Sands: Aballava, Africans in Roman Britain, and Edward I’s unpleasant bout with dysentery
2. 34:53 - The Tidal Flats: Dykesfield, Drumburgh, and the dangers of high tide!
3. 37:45 - Bowness on Solway and a gathering at Fort Maia: Billy No-Mates and a man obsessed with cannibals!

43:02 - Logistics of the Hike

1. 43:07 - Where to begin? In the west at Bowness, or in the east at Newcastle?
2. 45:38 - Resources for planning: books and maps
3. 47:10 - Lodging, adventure companies, luggage, and the AD 122 bus
4. 50:53 - Food: full English breakfasts and pub fare
5. 53:16 - Tips for the trail: rain, sunburn, and blisters, oh my!

56:56 - Final Thoughts

58:02 - Wrap-up

Fabulous vistas and amazing artifacts await eager hikers along the central section of Hadrian’s Wall Path. Listen as Emily and Cam chat about them all in this installment of their series on the Wall. Get ready for Roman Army re-enactors, the world’s oldest surviving document written by a woman, and the tree that stole the show from Kevin Costner and Morgan Freeman—but watch out for the cheesecake!

Visit our homepage to subscribe, to find us on social media, and to contact us by email:

• https://havetogawilltravel.com

If you liked this episode, buy us a coffee:

• Our Ko-Fi page

Read the first post in our series of blog posts on Hadrian’s Wall here:

• Hiking Hadrian’s Wall, Part I

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00:11 - Introduction

01:19 - Dialects: Cumbrian and Geordie

• 02:05 - What's a dialect, anyway?
• 02:26 - The Cumbrian Dialect
• 04:18 - The Geordie Dialect

05:30 - Sewingshields Crag

• 06:38 - Views of the North Ditch
• 07:40 - Preserved lengths of Wall along the Great Whin Sill
• 09:31 - The summit of Sewingshields, gale warnings, and Joe the Dog

13:02 - Housesteads Roman Fort

• 13:39 - History, layout, and garrison of Vercovicium
• 14:51 - Exploring Housesteads
• 16:52 - The Ermine Street Guard: a modern Roman Legion

19:51 - Hotbank and Highshields

• 20:27 - The Clayton Wall
• 21:22 - Milecastle 37 and its impressive North Gate

22:51 - Sycamore Gap

• 23:27 - The Sycamore that starred in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
• 25:07 - The senseless destruction of the tree (and some original Roman masonry)

26:33 - Twice Brewed and Vindolanda

• 26:44 - The Twice Brewed Inn: beds and beer!
• 27:33 - Vindolanda and its history: the forts of the Stanegate
• 29:08 - Exploring Vindolanda (and practicing your Latin!)
• 29:57 - Vindolanda's anoxic soil and archaeological treasures
• 31:17 - The Vindolanda Tablets: Sulpicia Lepidina receives a birthday party invitation, and Maculus wants beer!

35:31 - Peel Crags to Walltown Crags

• 36:51 - The Peel Crags and Castle Nick (or Milecastle 39)
• 38:10 - The literal high point of the trail: Windshields Crag
• 38:52 - Views of the Vallum
• 40:16 - An encounter with a real-life snooty professor
• 41:52 - The Carvoran Roman Army Museum, and some cool archaeology

45:26 - The Irthing River Valley

• 46:18 - Thirwall Castle and plundered wallstone
• 47:01 - The Roman bridge at Willowford
• 47:41 - Milecastle 49 and the junction of the turf and stone Walls
• 48:24 - The walk to Birdoswald: Centurion Stones and Apotropaic Stones

49:20 - Birdoswald Roman Fort

• 49:36 - The history of Banna and its residents
• 50:19 - Exploring Birdoswald and points nearby
• 51:26 - Cocidius: a “Romanized” Celtic war god
• 52:41 - Birdoswald's afterlife: warbands, reivers and Henry Norman
• 55:19 - A misadventure with English cheesecake

56:05 - Wrap-up

Curious to know what it’s like to walk the length of Hadrian’s Wall in northern England and experience the monument the way the ancient Romans did (on foot!)? Join Emily and Cam as they describe what there is to see and do along the first 38 miles of Hadrian’s Wall Path National Trail. You’ll hear about Roman soldiers from Mesopotamia, a Smell-o-Rama (yes, really!), the modern worship of the ancient god Mithras, and what Cam thinks about Real Ale (spoiler: he loves it!).

Visit our homepage to subscribe, to find us on social media, and to contact us by email:

• https://havetogawilltravel.com

If you liked this episode, buy us a coffee:

• Our Ko-Fi page

Read the first post in our series of blog posts on Hadrian’s Wall here:

• Hiking Hadrian’s Wall, Part I

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00:10 - Introduction

00:44 - Hadrian’s Wall Path

• 01:34 - Our experience on the Trail
• 02:12 - The history of the Trail and the English footpath system
• 03:32 - How we came to walk the Wall
• 05:00 - The three main sections of the Wall

06:20 - Arbeia (South Shields)

• 06:49 - The fort and its garrison: the Tigris rivermen
• 10:43 - Some fun on the Newcastle Metro

11:53 - Wallsend and Segedunum

• 12:02 - Latin everywhere!
• 12:44 - Exploring Segedunum Roman Fort
• 15:35 - The Wall Passport and Segedunum’s guest book

16:53 - Newcastle and Newburn

• 16:59 - Tyneside and its industries
• 18:26 - The bridges of Newcastle
• 19:49 - Newburn: Keelman’s Lodge and Big Lamp Brewery
• 21:48 - Cam’s digression on Real Ale

22:58 - Heddon on the Wall

• 23:19 - Blackberry season!
• 24:06 - The wall re-emerges
• 25:36 - Living with livestock along the Wall

27:19 - The Portgate and Dere Street

• 28:25 - A digression on Sticky Toffee Pudding

29:50 - Corbridge and Corstopitum

• 30:25 - A strategic junction: Dere Street, the Stanegate, the Tyne
• 31:50 - The Roman site and the museum
• 33:43 - Getting to Corbridge from the Wall
• 33:47 - Making friends along the trail

37:00 - Heavenfield

• 37:13 - St. Oswald’s Way
• 37:39 - Bede and the Battle of Heavenfield

38:38 - Planetrees

• 39:06 - The Broad Wall meets the Narrow Wall
• 39:45 - Why does the Narrow Wall exist?

40:55 - The North Tyne, Chollerford, Chesters

• 41:22 - The Roman bridge across the North Tyne
• 42:26 - Chesters Fort: the site and its inhabitants
• 45:54 - Greencarts, the AD122 bus, and why doing the Trail in 2 days is a bad idea

48:15 - The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh

• 49:34 - Mithras: the Romans reimagine an Iranian god
• 50:07 - Mithraism and other mystery cults
• 51:19 - The Mithraeum and its remains
• 52:14 - An encounter with a modern devotee of Mithras

54:55 - Wrap-up

Join Emily and Cam as they discuss the Romans in Britain from the time of Caesar to the emperor Hadrian, and then talk about Hadrian’s monumental wall—what it was, how it was built, what it was for, and why some bits of it still survive today.

Visit our homepage to subscribe, to find us on social media, and to contact us by email:

• https://havetogawilltravel.com

If you liked this episode, buy us a coffee:

• Our Ko-Fi page

Read the first post in our series of blog posts on Hadrian’s Wall here:

• Hiking Hadrian’s Wall, Part I

Links:

• David Keys, “Roman Invasion Beach Found in Kent”, The Independent (Friday October 3, 2008).

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00:11 - Introduction

01:58 - The Romans in Britain, from Caesar to Hadrian

1. 02:22 - Caesar’s campaigns in Gaul and Britain, and their aftermath
2. 03:35 - Claudius “defeats” Caratacus and conquers southern England
3. 13:37 - Boudicca’s Rebellion
4. 18:54 - Vespasian and the governorship of Agricola
5. 22:05 - Hadrian visits the frontier

23:31 - Building Hadrian’s Wall

1. 23:25 - The route: from Segedunum to Maia
2. 25:41 - The wall and its features: stone, turf, milecastles, turrets, and outworks
3. 28:57 - Why build part in stone and part in turf?
4. 29:28 - The legions and the process of building the wall
5. 32:25 - Changing plans: wall gauges, wall forts, and turf replaced by stone

37:56 - The Purpose of Hadrian’s Wall

1. 38:25 - Some puzzling features of Rome’s northern frontier
2. 39:07 - A zone of transition: the Roman Empire and British social structures
3. 44:22 - The Romans, the Wall, and the transformation of Britain

46:24 - The Wall after Hadrian

1. 46:42 - The Wall from Antoninus Pius to Septimius Severus
2. 49:04 - The Wall in the time of Bede
3. 51:17 - The 17th and 18th centuries: Hadrian’s Wall and the Military Road
4. 53:19 - John Clayton
5. 54:39 - The National Trust and UNESCO

55:20 - Wrap-up