Hidden History

Episode 113: Throughout the Cold War the CIA organized, funded, and supplied a network of secret armies across Europe. Recruited from fascist anti-Communist circles, these groups wove a vast web domestic terrorism— carrying out bombing campaigns, massacres, military coups, and more, all in the name of freedom, democracy, and keeping the Left out of office. Learn more about the infamous and insidious Operation Gladio in this week’s episode.

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Sources and Further Reading

Evolution in Europe; Italy Discloses Its Web Of Cold War Guerrillas: Link

Three jailed for 1969 Milan bomb: Link

Terrorists 'helped by CIA' to stop rise of left in Italy: Link

The Explosion of Italian Terrorism and the Piazza Fontana Massacre as Seen by the United States: Link

50 years since the Piazza Fontana bombing and Italy is still facing-up to its ‘years of lead: Link

Italian Neofascism: The Strategy of Tension and the Politics of Nonreconciliation: Link

Western State-Sponsored Terrorism and the Strategy of Tension: Link

CIA Organized Secret Army in Western Europe: Link

Greece: Answering to History: Link

William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II

United States and NATO inspired 'psychological warfare operations' against the 'Kurdish communist threat' in Turkey: Link

Turkey's "Deep-State" and the Ergenekon Conundrum: Link