Hidden History

Episode 109: On Easter Sunday, 1873, a band of Klansmen and Confederate veterans committed one of the most sickening acts of violence of the Reconstruction era. In the Colfax Massacre white supremacists murdered mover 100 people in an attempt to overturn to Louisiana gubernatorial election of 1872, and cement the grip of white supremacy over the South

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Sources and Further Reading

The 1873 Colfax Massacre Crippled the Reconstruction Era: Link

The Colfax Massacre (1873): Link

The failure of Reconstruction was a ruthless act of sabotage: Link

What If Reconstruction Hadn’t Failed?: Link

Democracy and the Origins of the American Regulatory State, Chapter 5. The Election of 1868: Link

Enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment, 1870-1877: Link

Enforcing the Enforcement Acts: The Department of Justice in Northern Mississippi, 1870-1890: Link

The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction: Link

The Colfax Massacre: The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, and the Death of Reconstruction: Link

The Colfax Massacre a Forgotten Chapter of Violence: Link

Find a Grave, Colfax Riot Memorial: Link

“The Liberty of the Nation is in Jeopardy”: Views on the Battle of Liberty Place F ty Place From Beyond Dixie: Link

Episode 108: In the 1850s and 1860s, the young city of Chicago was blighted by disease, its growth hampered by its lack of a sewer system. In order to solve the city’s constant public health crises, a group of engineers concocted a plan that would be unthinkable today: physically lifting an entire city out of the muck.

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Sources and Further Reading

Chicago’s ‘sunken’ homes are remnants of a bold effort to raise the city out of the mud: Link

It Happened in Chicago: Link

Raising and Watering a City: Ellis Sylvester Chesbrough and Chicago's First Sanitation System: Link

Boom, Bust, and Recovery in Early Chicago, 1835–1850: Link

Chicago's waste lands: refuse disposal and urban growth, 1840-1990: Link

Episode 107: Let’s take a ride through history while examining the state of American transit infrastructure, the lost streetcars of the past, and the 1940s corporate conspiracy that may have stripped transit from your city.

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Sources and Further Reading

Report Card on America’s Infrastructure: Link

Railroads in the Late 19th Century: Link

The world’s first electric streetcar: Link

Impact on Transit Patronage of Cessation or Inauguration of Rail Service: Link

Peter Yorke and the 1907 San Francisco Carmen's Strike: Link

The PHILADELPHIA TRACTION MONOPOLY AND THE PENNSYLVANIA CONSTITUTION OF 1874: THE PROSTITUTION OF AN IDEAL: Link

Moving the Masses: Urban Public Transit in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, 1880-1912: Link

Bloody Tuesday: Link

Streetcars, A History: Link

Engineering Invention: Frank J. Sprague and the U.S. Electrical Industry: Link

United States v. National City Lines(1948): Link

United States v. National City Lines, Inc.(1949): Link

United States v. National City Lines, Inc.(1951): Link

Episode 106: At 2:25 AM on November 28, 1953, a CIA bacteriologist and chemical warfare specialist named Frank Olson got up, and ran across a dark room in his underwear, dodging two beds, to hurdle through a closed window with the blinds closed and the curtains drawn, falling 10 stories to his death. At least…that’s the official story. Frank Olson was an unwitting participant in a covert operation called MKULTRA, a two decade long crusade to develop mind control through non-consensual human experimentation. Increasingly disillusioned with his work at the CIA, and intimately knowledgeable of both MKULTRA and American use of biological weapons, Frank Olson was the man who knew too much.

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Sources and Further Reading

The Montreal Experiments: brainwashing and the ethics of psychiatric experimentation: Link

The past Porton Down can't hide: Link

Kinzer, Stephen. Poisoner in chief: Sidney Gottlieb and the CIA search for mind control. Henry Holt, 2019.

The CIA's Secret Quest For Mind Control: Torture, LSD And A 'Poisoner In Chief': Link

Hooper, Troy. "Operation Midnight Climax: How the CIA Dosed SF Citizens with LSD." SF Weekly (2012).

Criminal Poisoning: Clinical and Forensic Perspectives: Link

Wolves, Jackals, and Foxes: The Assassins Who Changed History: Link

Codename Artichoke, The CIA's Secret Experiments on Humans: Link

Six decades later, sons seek answers on death of Detrick scientist: Link

Episode 105: Unfortunately, America has a long history of unethical medical experimentation, a tradition that’s caused mass suffering around the globe, and served to massively decrease trust in medicine. This episode covers the CIA’s fake Pakistani vaccination program, the Guatemalan Syphilis Experiments, and the Cincinnati Radiation Experiments.

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Sources and Further Reading

Coronavirus Attitude Tracker Survey Pakistan: Link

How Drone Strikes and a Fake Vaccination Program Have Inhibited Polio Eradication in Pakistan: An Analysis of National Level Data: Link

CIA organised fake vaccination drive to get Osama bin Laden's family DNA: Link

In Pakistan, Legacy of Fake CIA Vaccination Programs Leads to Vaccine Hesitancy: Link

Experimentation on Prisoners: Persistent Dilemmas in Rights and Regulations: Link

The Army tested 'germ warfare' on the NYC subway by smashing lightbulbs full of bacteria: Link

In the Name of Science: A History of Secret Programs, Medical Research, and Human Experimentation: Link

Acres of Skin: Human Experiments at Holmesburg Prison: Link

The Treatment: The Story of Those Who Died in the Cincinnati Radiation Tests: Link

A little too much of the buchenwald touch? Military radiation research at the university of Cincinnati, 1960–1972: Link

Worse Than Tuskegee: Link

Judge dismisses $1 billion Guatemalan syphilis experiment case against Hopkins, others: Link

Black Americans Are Getting COVID Vaccines at Lower Rates Than White Americans: Link

Episode 104: Some call it "The Forgotten War," and they definitely have a point- the Korean War has not been memorialized in the American memory, it had neither the scale of World War II, nor the cultural impact of Vietnam. Make no mistake: brutal, horrifying, and influential, the Korean War is more important than you know. This episode takes a look at the history of the Korean Conflict, and how America's heinous war crimes helped shape a century of foreign policy.

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Sources and Further Reading

Land Reform, Collectivisation and the Peasants in North Korea: Link

Tehran 1943: military strategy and military policy: Link

Race and Migration in Imperial Japan: Link

Imperial Japan at Its Zenith: Link

Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895-1945: Link

The Impact of the Korean War on the Cold War: Link

The Origins of the Korean War: Second Edition: Link

NO GUN RI: Official Narrative and Inconvenient Truths: Link

The Bridge at No Gun Ri: A Hidden Nightmare from the Korean War: Link

The United States' Role in the Korea Jeju April 3rd Tragedy and its Responsibility for 'Social Healing Through Justice': Link

The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea: Link

Williams, Peter, and David Wallace. Unit 731: Japan's secret biological warfare in World War II. New York: Free Press, 1989. Harvard

Letter on Korean War Massacre Reveals Plan to Shoot Refugees Historian Discovers U.S. Envoy's Writings Relating to No Gun Ri: Link

Pentagon withheld document from report on Korean War killings: Link

Episode 103: During the Great Depression, as millions of Americans went hungry, and 2/3rds of families were in poverty, famers across the country destroyed their crops- burning wheat, cracking eggs, and pouring out milk. This episode explores the history of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and asks: what kind of society would burn food while its people starve?

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Sources and Further Reading

Portland police officers ‘guarding’ Fred Meyer dumpsters as residents seek discarded food: Link

AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT (1933, REAUTHORIZED 1938): Link

New Deal, Third: Link

Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1935: Link

From the Great Depression to Today, a Long History of Food Destruction in the Face of Hunger: Link

HUNGER IN AMERICA: The Definitions, Scope, Causes, History and Status of the Problem of Hunger in the United States: Link

Hunger in America: Link

What Causes Capitalist Crises: Under-Consumption or Overproduction?: Link

Episode 102: From 1943 to 1944, as a result of decades of exploitative colonial policy, and intentional neglect from the British government, a terrible famine gripped the colonial Indian province of Bengal. Estimates bring the death toll in Bengal alone to three million people. This episode covers the history of colonial rule in India, and the intentional engineering of the genocidal Bengal Famine, the brutality of which has been compared to the Holocaust.

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Sources and Further Reading

The Great Bengal Famine: Link

Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company: Link

The East India Company 1784 - 1834: Link

The Illustrated History of the British Empire in India and the East: Link

Colonial Frontiers of the Georgian State: East India Company's Rule in India: Link

The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600-1947: Link

The Passing of Empire: The Mughal Case: Link

Government by Committee: An Essay on the British Constitution: Link

Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire: Link

Imperial Airs: Leo Amery, Air Power and Empire, 1873–1945: Link

Episode 101: From 1950 to 1954, as a part of his rabid anti-Communist crusade, a notorious liar and habitually drunk Senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy, led a crusade against homosexuals in the American government that would influence anti-gay policy all the way up until the 1990s. What was the Lavender Scare, why did it happen, and what does it say about the nature of propaganda?

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Sources and Further Reading

U.S. Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy Speaks in Wheeling: Link

The Reagan administration's unbelievable response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic: Link

The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government: Link

America’s Cold War Empire: Exporting the Lavender Scare: Link

Communist and Homosexual: The FBI, Harry Hay, and the Secret Side of the Lavender Scare, 1943–1961: Link

Joe McCarthy and the Press: Link

Fifties Feds, Fags, and Femmes: Link

PERVERTS CALLED GOVERNMENT PERIL; Gabrielson, G.O.P. Chief, Says They Are as Dangerous as Reds--Truman's Trip Hit Gabrielson Warns Industry: Link

Episode 100: On February 20th, 1939, twenty thousand American Nazis held a rally in Madison Square Garden, declaring George Washington as the “first fascist.” How did Nazi movements come to thrive in the United States, and what were the social and historical conditions that paved the way for their success?

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Sources and Further Reading

Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law: Link

Nazi action T4 euthanasia programme: historical research, individual life stories and the culture of remembrance: Link

The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism: Link

The Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics: Link

Legalizing Hate: The Significance of the Nuremburg Laws and the post-War Nuremburg Trials: Link

Henry Ford and "The International Jew": Link

Henry Ford and the Jews : The Mass Production of Hate: Link

Anti-Semitism and American History: Link

Cannistraro, Philip V. Blackshirts in Little Italy: Italian Americans and Fascism, 1921-1929. Vol. 17. Bordighera Incorporated, 1999.

Wolf, Cameron. "Fritz Kuhn's Nazi America: Kuhn's Growth and Destruction of the German American Bund in the 1930s." PhD diss., Department of History, University of Kansas, 2019.

Post-War Further Reading

Veil of Protection: Operation Paperclip and the Contrasting Fates of Wernher von Braun and Arthur Rudolph: Link

American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party: Link

The dialectics of historical fantasy: The ideology of George Lincoln Rockwell: Link

Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun: Link

Becoming a Racist: Women in Contemporary Ku Klux Klan and Neo-Nazi Groups: Link

The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today’s Neo-Nazi Groups and Right Wing Extremists: Link

Reichsrock: The International Web of White-Power and Neo-Nazi Hate Music: Link