Historical Context

With the death of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh purchases his exploration and colonization patent.  Raleigh wants to colonize right away, but does not know where to start.  In this episode, Raleigh sends two captains to America to find the suitable location for England's first colony.  

Walter Raleigh image By Simon van de Passe 

Pamlico Sound image courtesy of: https://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/2400/2444/2444.htm 

More on Arthur Barlowe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Barlowe 

Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The British were late to the game when it came to colonizing America.  They also had the wrong man.  In this episode, we discuss Sir Humphrey Gilbert, his challenges getting to America, and the lengths he went to finance his final voyage.  More on Edward VI: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England#Illness_and_death

Edward VI portrait By Circle of William Scrots - Sotheby's London, 04 July 2012, Sale L12033, Lot 10, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20165105

More on Mary I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England

Mary I portrait By Antonis Mor - The Yorck Project (2002) 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei (DVD-ROM), distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. ISBN: 3936122202., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=155896

More on Elizabeth I: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I

Elizabeth I portrait By Unknown author 

More on Sir Humphrey Gilbert: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert#Newfoundland_and_death

Sir Humphrey Gilbert portrait by: By Unknown author - http://strangeandfarre.weebly.com/arming-garments.html, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33219862

Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Many people believe the British were the first Europeans to settle in Virginia when they founded Jamestown, but nearly four decades earlier, there were other Europeans there.  The Ajacan Mission was a part of Spain's efforts to convert natives to Catholicism and subsequently ally with them in their colonial efforts.  In today's episode, we find out why the Ajacan Mission did not succeed.  

Read more about the Dutch revolt: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt 

Read more about Fort San Juan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_San_Juan_(Joara) 

Read more on Don Luis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Luis 

Read the Letter from Father Quiros and Father Segura: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1037 

Read the Letter From Juan Rogel: http://www.virtualjamestown.org/exist/cocoon/jamestown/fha/J1038 

Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Unlike his predecessors, Pedro Menendez  changed the policy of 'war and conquer' when encountering natives.  While not absent from conflict, Menendez made peace and relationships a priority in encountering the Florida and southeast US coastline natives.  The contribution of Pedro Menendez led to dozens of Jesuit missions being founded in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida in the 1560s and 1570s.  

Buy “Pedro Menendez de Aviles and the Conquest of Florida: A New Manuscript here: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0813068428/ 

Special Thank you to: David Arbesu 

Menendez Photo by: Francisco de Paula Marti 

Ais map by: Dalbury at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2999697 

More on the Ais Tribe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ais_people 

Calusa map By Donald Albury at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48744609 

More on the Calusa people: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calusa

In this episode, we examine the Spanish version of last week's episode and look at how the Spanish began to finally get a hold on Florida after five decades of failure.  

Buy “Pedro Menendez de Aviles and the Conquest of Florida: A New Manuscript here: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0813068428/

Special Thank you to: David Arbesu 

Menendez Photo by: Francisco de Paula Marti  

Fife and Drum by Kevin MacLeod Link: https://incompetech.filmmusic.io/song/3748-fife-and-drum License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Nearly five decades before the Jamestown colony, the French Huguenots sought America as a destination to escape religious persecution and the War of Religions in France.  The French attempted two colonies in the 1560s and some writings survived to tell the story.  

Francis I painting by Jean Clouet 

Henry II painting by Francois Clouet 

Francis II painting by By François Clouet - This image comes from Gallica Digital Library and is available under the digital ID btv1b10544086n/f1, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=430394 

Charles IX painting by Francois Clouet 

Philip II painting by Sofonisba Anguissola Gaspard de Coligny painting by Workshop of Jan van Ravesteyn - www.rijksmuseum.nl : Home : Info : Pic, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2700685 Jean Ribault image by http://www.nps.gov/timu/historyculture/foca_jeanribault.htm 

War of Religions photo courtesy of Jacksonville Public Library More on the Huguenots: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots 

Read “The Whole and True Discovery of Terra Florida” by Jean Ribault: https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00103082/00001/3x 

Read Laudonniere’s account: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-141.pdf 

Charlesfort courtesy of: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Alexrk 

Read About M. John Hawkins Voyage: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-030.pdf

While many associate Sir Francis Drake with the first exploration of the California coastline, Juan Cabrillo actually led an expedition here decades earlier.  What did he find and what did he hear that raised speculation that he may not have been the first European in the region?

Cabrillo Image: By Unknown author - Unknown source, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=318568 M

More info on Juan Cabrillo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo

Read a Relation to the Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-001.pdf

While many associate Sir Francis Drake with the first exploration of the California coastline, Juan Cabrillo actually led an expedition here decades earlier.  What did he find and what did he hear that raised speculation that he may not have been the first European in the region? 

Cabrillo Image: By Unknown author - Unknown source, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=318568 M

More info on Juan Cabrillo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo

Read a Relation to the Voyage of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo: https://www.americanjourneys.org/pdf/AJ-001.pdf

The Coronado Expedition concludes as members of the expedition continues to listen to the direction of the captive native towards a city of riches.  As strife with the natives continues, will Coronado survive the expedition and draw any value for the Spanish Empire?  

Coronado Image Courtesy of: https://hidalgosenlahistoria.blogspot.com/2018/02/francisco-vazquez-de-coronado.html 

Read the Journey of Coronado: https://amzn.to/39lGqd5 

Coronado Map Courtesy of: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/histus.html

De Soto was not the only explorer who was intrigued by Cabeza de Vaca's travels.  Francisco de Coronado was interested in the American southwest based on Cabeza de Vaca's travels.  Before forming an expedition, he sent a friar and a Moroccan to explore the area.  Based on that journey, Coronado would amass a large group of Spaniards and natives to seek treasure.  

Coronado Image Courtesy of: https://hidalgosenlahistoria.blogspot.com/2018/02/francisco-vazquez-de-coronado.html 

Read the Journey of Coronado: https://amzn.to/39lGqd5 

Read more about Estevan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevanico