Title: The Gilded Age: Robber Barons, Rockefeller, Carnegie & the Second Industrial Revolution (1877–1900)
Description:
After the Civil War, America's economy exploded — population tripled, manufacturing grew sixfold — and Mark Twain looked at the result and called it not golden but gilded: gold on the surface, something harder underneath. This episode traces the Second Industrial Revolution that built modern America: the telegraph and transatlantic cable, Bell's telephone and Edison's phonograph, Tesla and Westinghouse's electricity and the skyscraper city it powered. We follow the transcontinental railroad — the first true big business — from the Pacific Railway Act to the golden spike at Promontory, built by Chinese, Irish, and African American laborers, and shadowed by Robber Barons and the Crédit Mobilier scandal. Then the two titans who became the face of the age: John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil, vertical integration, the trust) and Andrew Carnegie (steel, The Gospel of Wealth, and 2,500 libraries). We close on Gilded Age corruption and the first reforms, up to the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883. A people-first history of who got the gold — and who got the grind.
Keywords:
Gilded Age, Second Industrial Revolution, big business history, Robber Barons, John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil, vertical integration, the trust, Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Andrew Carnegie, Carnegie Steel, The Gospel of Wealth, Social Darwinism, Herbert Spencer, transcontinental railroad, Pacific Railway Act, golden spike, Promontory, Crédit Mobilier, Chinese railroad workers, Mark Twain, Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, Alexander Graham Bell, Louis Sullivan, monopoly, laissez-faire, spoils system, Pendleton Civil Service Act, Chester A. Arthur, Rutherford B. Hayes, urbanization, American history, US history survey, late 19th century America