What if everything you think you know about Ancient Greece is wrong?

In this episode of History Rage, bestselling historian Adrian Goldsworthy dismantles the comforting myth of a civilised, philosophical utopia. Forget marble statues and thoughtful men in cloaks — this is a world of bitter rivalries, brutal warfare, political volatility, and communities obsessed with proving they were the best.

Drawing on his latest book, Athens and Sparta: The Rivalry That Shaped the Ancient World, Adrian reveals a Greek world far more dangerous, competitive and unstable than most documentaries dare to show.

Ancient Greece: 800 Rival States, Not One Noble Nation

There was no “Greece” in the modern sense. Instead, there were 800–1,000 fiercely independent city-states, constantly competing for prestige, power and survival.

In this episode, we explore:

• Why the Persian invasions weren’t an attack on a united Greece
• Why more Greeks fought for Persia than against it
• How competition — not culture — defined Greek identity
• Why colonisation, warfare and rivalry were normal
• The performance culture of honour and reputation

This isn’t Plato’s academy come to life. It’s a volatile world where cities needed enemies — but not so destroyed that there was no one left to applaud their victories.

Athens vs Sparta: Democracy, Discipline and Myth

We also unpack the two giants of the Greek world:

Athens – Radical Democracy or Mob Rule?

Athens pioneered a form of direct democracy that feels startlingly modern — and terrifyingly unstable.

• Every male citizen could vote
• Thousands could serve on juries
• Offices were filled by lottery
• Citizens were paid for political service
• Leaders could be exiled through ostracism

Adrian explains how Athenian democracy worked in practice — including how the Assembly once voted to execute an entire rebellious city… and reversed the decision the next day.

This was participation politics at its most extreme.

Sparta – Military Machine or Misunderstood Society?

Sparta’s reputation as a society of full-time soldiers doesn’t tell the whole story.

Because the Spartans wrote almost nothing themselves, much of what we “know” comes from outsiders — often centuries later.

Adrian challenges the clichés:

• Were Spartans truly permanent warriors?
• How rigid was their society in reality?
• What was life like for the Helots?
• Why did Sparta’s citizen population collapse?
• How democratic was Sparta — really?

The result is a more complex, less cartoonish Sparta than Hollywood’s 300 ever allowed.

About Adrian Goldsworthy

Adrian Goldsworthy is a leading historian of the ancient world and bestselling author. Though best known for his work on Rome, he has written extensively on Greece and the classical world.

Book

• Athens and Sparta: The Rivalry That Shaped the Ancient World
• Buy: https://uk.bookshop.org/a/10120/9781800245426

🔗 Website: https://www.adriangoldsworthy.com

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History isn’t polite. It isn’t tidy. And it certainly wasn’t pacifist.

This is History Rage — where myth gets fed to Charybdis.

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Think the Black Death was just a medieval European tragedy? Think again.

When you picture the Black Death, you probably imagine a third of Europe being wiped out while flagellants marched through British and French villages. But pandemics don’t stop at borders. What if our standard history lessons have completely ignored more than half of the story?

In this special episode for the Chalke History Festival, host Paul Bavill sits down with Tom Asbridge, Reader in Medieval History at Queen Mary University of London and author of The Black Death, a Global History. Together, they shatter the Euro-centric myths to reveal a truly global disaster that stretched from Central Asia all the way across the medieval world.

Discover how the plague reshaped the wealthy and sophisticated Mamluk Empire. Massive Middle Eastern cities like Cairo—which completely dwarfed London with a population of half a million people—faced unimaginable mass mortality. Tom explains the fascinating doctrinal differences that dictated survival; while Christian Europe viewed the disease as divine punishment that justified flight and abandonment, Islamic doctrine saw it as a merciful martyrdom. This completely altered how communities reacted, locked down, and ultimately collapsed under the weight of the pandemic.

From the horrific eyewitness accounts of parents burying their own children to the long-term socioeconomic shifts that triggered peasant revolts and altered workers' rights, this episode zooms out to a global scale and zooms in on the raw human experience. If you want to understand the true scale of history's most terrifying disease, hit play now!

About Our Guest

• Tom Asbridge is a professional historian, author, and Reader in Medieval History at Queen Mary University of London.
• See Tom Live: Catch Tom speaking at the Chalke History Festival on Friday 26th June at 4:00 PM. Grab your tickets at: https://www.chalkefestival.com/
• Buy the Book: Get your copy of The Black Death, a Global History directly from the History Rage Bookshop to support the show: https://uk.bookshop.org/a/10120/9780241399408

Recommended Episodes To Check Out Next

• Episode 193: Luke Pepera rages that there is an African history long before any Europeans turned up.
• Episode 143: Eleanor Janega brings the rage to prove that medieval women absolutely worked.

Support and Follow History Rage

If you love truth being freed and myth getting a long, slow, brutal death, help us keep the anger alive!

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Berlin wasn’t blockaded — and that changes everything you think.

Was Berlin really “blockaded” in 1948? Or have we been repeating a Cold War myth for nearly eighty years?

In this explosive episode of History Rage, cultural historian and author Joseph Pearson dismantles one of the most entrenched narratives of the early Cold War. We all know the story: Stalin sealed off West Berlin, starving its people, and the West heroically saved the city through the Berlin Airlift. But what if Berlin was never truly blockaded at all?

Drawing on deep archival research and firsthand accounts from Berliners, Pearson argues that the term “blockade” is historically misleading. While ground and rail access from West Germany was restricted, movement between East and West Berlin continued. Civilians crossed borders. Food flowed in. Even Soviet authorities offered rations. The airlift was real — and extraordinary — but the idea of a city completely sealed off is far more myth than fact.

We explore:

• What a “blockade” actually means — and why the word matters
• How ordinary Berliners experienced the airlift
• The women who built Tegel Airport in just 90 days
• The terrifying near-misses that could have sparked World War III
• The propaganda war that turned former enemies into allies
• Why the Berlin Airlift remains a masterclass in geopolitical brinkmanship

Joseph Pearson, originally from Canada and now based in Berlin, specialises in everyday history — the lived experience behind the headlines. His latest book examines the Berlin Airlift through the eyes of civilians and pilots, revealing a more complex, human and politically charged story.

Guest Details:

Joseph Pearson is a cultural historian and author based in Berlin.

Book: The Airlift: Victories, Myths, and the Berlin Blockade

Buy here: https://uk.bookshop.org/a/10120/9781803998220

Follow Joseph on Instagram @writing_joseph

If you care about Cold War history, post-war Germany, the Berlin Blockade, the Berlin Airlift, or how propaganda shapes memory — this episode will challenge what you thought you knew.

Episode recommendations:

Episode 219 – Giles Milton on Post War Berlin - https://pod.fo/e/2f6bc6

Episode 103 – Katja Hoyer on East Germany - https://pod.fo/e/21793e

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Join the conversation on social media and share your rage @historyrage

Have a myth you want dismantled? Get in touch via the website.

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History is human. History is political. And sometimes… history is wrong.

Welcome to History Rage.

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Why history’s greatest Athenian leader may be wildly misunderstood today

Was Pericles really the mastermind behind Athens’ Golden Age — or have historians spent centuries exaggerating his importance?

In this explosive episode of History Rage, acclaimed classicist and Cambridge professor Paul Cartledge tears apart the modern obsession with “Periclean Athens” and argues that ancient democracy was far more complex than the story of one great man. From the origins of democracy and demagogues to the brutal realities of Athenian politics, this is a fascinating deep dive into Ancient Greece, the Peloponnesian War, Sparta, rhetoric, and political power.

Paul explains why Pericles could never have ruled like a dictator, why Athens executed failed politicians, and why modern comparisons between Pericles and modern autocrats completely miss the point. He also explores the cultural mythmaking around the Parthenon, the famous Funeral Oration, and the role of Thucydides in shaping Pericles’ legendary reputation.

The conversation also shines a spotlight on Aspasia of Miletus — often unfairly dismissed as Pericles’ “mistress.” Paul argues passionately that Aspasia was Pericles’ intellectual equal and one of the most misunderstood women in ancient history.

If you love Ancient Greek history, classical civilisation, democracy, Sparta vs Athens, Greek philosophy, or the politics of historical memory, this episode is essential listening.

In this episode:

• Was Pericles really responsible for Athens’ Golden Age?
• How Athenian democracy actually worked
• Why the word “demagogue” changed meaning
• The truth about Aspasia of Miletus
• Pericles, Sparta and the outbreak of total war
• Ancient rhetoric and political persuasion
• Why historians still argue about Pericles today

Paul Cartledge’s book:

Pericles: Statesman, Demagogue, Eccentric

Buy through the History Rage Bookshop:

https://uk.bookshop.org/a/10120/9781836392002

See Paul at Chalke History Festival

Paul is speaking at the on Wednesday 24th June.

Tickets available here:

https://www.chalkefestival.com/

Follow Paul Cartledge:

https://www.classics.cam.ac.uk/directory/paul-cartledge

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When history gets reduced to lazy moral takes, it misses the real Cold War truth.

In this episode of History Rage, historian and broadcaster Guy Walters tears into the misunderstandings surrounding Nazi scientists, rocket technology, and one of the most consequential intelligence grabs of the 20th century: the post-war scramble for expertise that became Operation Paperclip.

At the heart of the discussion is the extraordinary story of the V2 rocket programme and the Polish resistance operation that recovered an intact missile from occupied territory during the chaos of 1944. That single recovery effort fed directly into Allied intelligence assessments and helped shape how Britain and the United States understood Germany’s technological leap forward in rocketry.

Guy argues that the real story isn’t about moral purity—it’s about survival in an emerging Cold War. As the Iron Curtain fell, the question wasn’t whether these scientists were compromised. It was who would get them first: the West or the Soviet Union.

From covert recoveries in wartime Poland to the intelligence race over German aerospace expertise, this episode reveals how fragile the balance of power really was in 1945—and how close the Soviets came to dominating early rocket science.

Guy also dismantles the idea that Operation Paperclip was uniquely scandalous. In reality, every major power—US, UK, USSR, and others—was racing to absorb German technical knowledge. The Cold War, he argues, was shaped as much by captured minds as by captured territory.

The discussion explores:

• The Polish resistance recovery of a near-intact V2 rocket
• Why Allied intelligence needed it so urgently
• Whether Nazi rocket science could have changed WWII or only the Cold War
• The ethical grey zone of recruiting former Nazi scientists
• How figures like Wernher von Braun influenced the space race and beyond

This is not just a story about rockets. It’s about power, pragmatism, and the uncomfortable truth that technological supremacy often comes with moral compromise.

If you think the Cold War was won by ideals alone, this episode will challenge that assumption. If you already suspect history is messier than textbooks suggest, this is a deep dive into exactly how messy it gets.

Buy the book featured in this episode

📘 Stealing Hitler’s Rocket by Guy Walters

👉 https://uk.bookshop.org/a/10120/9781035910854

Follow the guest

• Instagram: @guyebwalters
• X / other platforms: @GuyWalters

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In this episode, history doesn’t behave. It collides with ethics, necessity, and Cold War fear—and leaves us with uncomfortable answers about who really shaped the modern world.

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The Crusades reshaped Europe far beyond Jerusalem — and we’ve forgotten it

For most people, the Crusades begin and end with Jerusalem, Richard the Lionheart and Saladin. But that narrow view hides a far bigger story. In this episode of History Rage, medieval archaeologist Professor Aleks Pluskowski takes aim at the myth that crusading was confined to the eastern Mediterranean — and reveals how crusades transformed northern and eastern Europe in ways that still shape the modern world

Drawing on decades of archaeological research and historical evidence, Aleks explains how the Baltic Crusades were longer, more successful, and ultimately more influential than those in the Levant. From the rise of the Teutonic Order to the foundation of cities like Riga and Tallinn, this conversation exposes a forgotten chapter of European history that fundamentally reshaped societies, borders and identities

You’ll hear why crusading was a papally authorised penitential war, how it expanded beyond Jerusalem to target pagans, heretics and political enemies, and why northern Europe became the Crusades’ most enduring battlefield. Aleks also unpacks the diversity of pre-Christian belief systems in the Baltic, the realities of conquest and settlement, and how crusading ideology became a template for later colonialism and modern nationalist myths

The episode also tackles how the Teutonic Order evolved from a humble hospital in Acre into a powerful military state, why it succeeded where the Levantine Crusader states failed, and how its image was later distorted by 19th-century nationalism and Nazi propaganda. This is not just military history — it’s a story about how Europe learned to dominate, govern and remember its past

If you think you know the Crusades, this episode will make you rethink everything.

Guest: Professor Aleks Pluskowski

Professor of Medieval Archaeology, University of Reading

Aleks Pluskowski is a leading authority on crusading in northern Europe, with extensive fieldwork experience across Poland and the Baltic region. His research focuses on material culture, landscapes of conquest, and the long-term impact of crusading societies.

Book

The Black Cross: The Medieval Baltic Crusades

Buy here: https://uk.bookshop.org/a/10120/9780300279061

About History Rage

History Rage is the podcast that hunts down historical myths and kicks them into the long grass. Hosted by Paul Bavill, each episode invites leading historians to vent their fury at what everyone gets wrong about the past — loudly, passionately, and with evidence.

Follow History Rage

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Support the podcast

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If you enjoyed this episode, tell a friend and bring someone new aboard the rage train.

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From exploding kings to civil wars, Britain’s royals were never respectable.

Comedy legend, author and podcast host Charlie Higson joins History Rage to dismantle the myth that today’s monarchy is uniquely scandalous. From William the Conqueror’s warring sons to murderous Plantagenets, abusive Hanoverians and Edward VII’s infamous Parisian “sex chair”, Charlie argues the Royal Family has always been gloriously dysfunctional.

Drawing from his brilliant new book Willy, Willy, Harry, Stee, Charlie takes Paul Bavill on a whirlwind tour through a thousand years of royal chaos, revealing why modern headlines about Harry, Meghan and Prince Andrew are tame compared to the behaviour of their ancestors.

Expect exploding corpses, imprisoned wives, civil wars, royal affairs, fathers and sons at war, and the astonishing truth behind Britain’s longest-running soap opera.

In this episode:

• Why William the Conqueror’s family immediately descended into violence
• The endless cycle of Plantagenet betrayal and civil war
• Why Edward II may have been too normal to be king
• The shocking dysfunction of the Georgian monarchy
• The real story behind George IV and Queen Caroline
• Edward VII’s scandalous private life and surprising political successes
• Why the monarchy survives despite centuries of scandal

Charlie also explains why Britain remains fascinated by royalty — and why countries that abolished monarchies still recreate them through celebrity dynasties and political families.

Charlie Higson will be appearing at the Chalke History Festival on Sunday 28th June. Tickets available here:

https://www.chalkefestival.com/

Buy Charlie’s book here:

https://uk.bookshop.org/a/10120/9780008741051

Follow Charlie Higson:

• https://x.com/monstroso

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If you enjoy sharp historical debate, outrageous true stories and irreverent takes on Britain’s past, subscribe now on Apple Podcasts, Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts.

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Mary Queen of Scots wasn’t stupid — history’s verdict is dangerously wrong.

Was Mary, Queen of Scots really a reckless, lovestruck failure — or has history judged her by impossible standards? In this explosive History Rage counter-rage, acclaimed historian Linda Porter takes aim at one of the most persistent myths in British history and argues that Mary was anything but a “bloody stupid woman”.

Drawing directly on political context, dynastic logic, gendered double standards, and Scotland’s uniquely volatile sixteenth-century landscape, Linda dismantles the lazy comparison between Mary and Elizabeth I. She reveals why Mary’s marriages made sense at the time, how Scottish politics stacked the odds against her, and why hindsight has been weaponised against a queen ruling in near-impossible circumstances.

This episode dives deep into:

• Why Mary’s upbringing in France is misunderstood — and misused against her
• The unfair Elizabeth I vs Mary, Queen of Scots comparison
• The dynastic logic behind the Darnley marriage
• Why the Bothwell marriage looks far more like coercion than romance
• How trauma, pregnancy, betrayal, and political violence shaped Mary’s decisions
• Why calling Mary “stupid” says more about historians than history

If you care about women in power, Tudor and Stuart history, Mary Queen of Scots, or how myths harden into “fact”, this episode is essential listening.

About the guest: Linda Porter

Linda Porter is one of Britain’s leading historians of the Tudor and Stuart period, known for her sharp analysis and willingness to challenge historical orthodoxies. She has written extensively on queenship, power, and dynastic politics.

Buy the Book:

• The Thistle and The Rose: https://uk.bookshop.org/a/10120/9781801105798

About History Rage

History Rage is the no-nonsense history podcast where leading historians get angry about myths, bad history, and lazy storytelling. Hosted by Paul Bavill, the show strips away comforting narratives and replaces them with evidence, context, and expert fury.

Follow & support History Rage:

• 🎧 Subscribe on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favourite podcast app
• 💥 Ad-free listening: £3/month on Apple Subscriptions or Patreon
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Support the podcast:

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If you enjoy this episode, tell someone. One recommendation keeps independent history alive.

Related episodes you might enjoy

• Episode 216 — Mary Queen of Scots: What a Bloody Stupid Woman (with Tracy Borman) https://pod.fo/e/2e60bd
• Episode 186 — Katherine Parr (with Linda Porter): https://pod.fo/e/2b3cc9
• Episode 80 — Catherine of Braganza (with Linda Porter): https://pod.fo/e/1ef377

Mary, Queen of Scots wasn’t stupid — and after this episode, neither will you be about her.

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Weimar Was a Real Place Before It Became a Political Warning

The “Weimar Republic” has become shorthand for collapse, extremism, and economic chaos — but as historian and author Katja Hoyer argues in this episode of History Rage, Weimar was first and foremost a real town with a rich cultural history stretching back centuries. Home to Goethe, Schiller, Liszt and Nietzsche, Weimar was long considered the spiritual and intellectual heart of Germany before it ever became associated with democratic failure.

In this fascinating conversation, Katja dismantles the clichés surrounding interwar Germany by exploring how ordinary people experienced extraordinary political change. Through the lives of Weimar residents — bookbinders, teachers, social democrats and shopkeepers — she reveals how hope, apathy, fear and economic despair gradually transformed a fragile democracy into a dictatorship.

From the optimism surrounding Germany’s first truly democratic elections in 1919 to the devastation of hyperinflation, the Great Depression, and the rise of Nazism, this episode explores how extremism becomes acceptable when people feel abandoned by politics. Katja explains why the Nazis initially remained a fringe movement, how the economic crash of 1929 changed everything, and why so many ordinary Germans convinced themselves to look away from the horrors developing around them.

The discussion also examines Weimar’s proximity to Buchenwald concentration camp and the uncomfortable realities of what civilians knew — or chose not to know — as Nazi brutality escalated. This is a powerful exploration of how democratic societies fracture, and why understanding the everyday experience of historical change matters now more than ever.

Katja’s new book, Weimar: Life on the Edge of Catastrophe, is available here:

https://uk.bookshop.org/a/10120/9780241681244

You can also hear Katja on her podcast Reichs and Republics, and follow her work here:

Substack: https://www.katjahoyer.uk/

X/Twitter: https://x.com/hoyer_kat

🎟️ Katja Hoyer will also be appearing at the Chalke History Festival on Friday 26 June. Tickets available here:

https://www.chalkefestival.com/

If you enjoy History Rage, please follow, rate and review the podcast on Apple Podcasts and Spotify — it genuinely helps new listeners discover the show.

You can support the podcast and become an official History Rager here:

https://www.patreon.com/historyrage

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Roman slavery myths shattered with brutal truths historians can’t ignore

Roman slavery is often portrayed as mild, civilised, or even preferable to poverty—but that comforting myth collapses under scrutiny. In this explosive episode of History Rage, historian and author Emma Southon unleashes her fury at the persistent sanitising of Roman slavery and reveals the stark, violent realities behind the Roman Empire’s power.

Drawing on archaeological evidence, ancient writings, and modern scholarship, Emma dismantles the comforting fiction that Roman slavery was temporary, humane, or somehow “not that bad.” Instead, she exposes a system built on terror, exploitation, and absolute lack of human rights—where millions lived in constant fear of violence, separation, and death.

You’ll hear how people became enslaved—from war captives to children born into bondage—and why slavery was so embedded in Roman society that even modest households often owned enslaved people. Emma also reveals the chilling legal reality: for centuries, enslaved people had virtually no protections, and violence against them was both legal and culturally accepted.

From the myth of the “happy slave” taught in school textbooks to the romanticised portrayals in television and fiction, this episode challenges everything you thought you knew about Rome—and shows why understanding slavery is essential to understanding the empire itself.

What You’ll Learn in This Episode

• Why Roman slavery was widespread across every level of society
• How people entered slavery through war, birth, crime, or kidnapping
• The reality of daily life under constant threat of violence
• The truth about manumission and why freedom was rarer than often claimed
• How myths about Roman slavery developed—and why they still persist
• Why slavery may have slowed Roman technological innovation

About the Guest

Emma Southon is a historian specialising in the Roman Empire and the social realities behind its power. She is the author of “Servus: How Slavery Made the Roman Empire”, a groundbreaking exploration of slavery’s central role in Roman society.

Emma is also co-host of the History Is Sexy, where she explores the ancient world through stories often overlooked in traditional history.

Follow Emma Southon:

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/emmasouthon

Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/emmasouton.bsky.social

📚 Buy Emma’s book “Servus: How Slavery Made the Roman Empire “ from the History Rage Bookshop:

https://uk.bookshop.org/a/10120/9781399741255

Support History Rage

Love hearing historians destroy popular myths? Here’s how to support History Rage:

• ⭐ Leave a rating and review on Apple Podcasts or your favourite app
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Get in Touch with History Rage

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If you’ve ever been told Roman slavery “wasn’t that bad,” this episode will leave you questioning everything—and maybe feeling a little angry too.

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