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How Political Infighting Produced the Bill of Rights and a Controversial Map
Differing political philosophies instigated the American Revolution, but after defeating the British, new, yet familiar philosophies butted heads. As Federalists and Antifederalists faced off in literary and verbal spars, a most important Founding Father switched sides. The ongoing political conflicts would soon result in one of the most controversial and enduring political maneuvers in American history.
Recommended reading: Gerrymandering in America: The House of Representatives, the Supreme Court, and the Future of Popular Sovereignty by Cambridge University Press.
Cartoon - https://www.si.edu/object/cartoon-gerry-mander-1813%3Anmah_509530
Brief history - https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/gerrymandering-explained?ceid=%7B%7BContactsEmailID%7D%7D&emci=946d3453-90d5-ed11-8e8b-00224832eb73&emdi=ea000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&utm_medium=PANTHEON_STRIPPED
Elbridge Gerry - https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/06/21/the-gerry-in-gerrymandering/
Gerry bio - https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html
Short Gerry bio - https://www.nga.org/governor/elbridge-gerry/
First gerrymander - https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5#page_scan_tab_contents
Redistricting reform act - https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2670
Madison timeline - https://www.loc.gov/collections/james-madison-papers/articles-and-essays/james-madison-timeline-1751-to-1836/1784-to-1807/
Washington gallows quote - https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-writings-of-george-washington/to-joseph-reed-president-of-the-supreme-executive-council-of-pennsylvania-december-12-1778-excerpt/07E587064BF8A503DB32AD985D1F8BAA
Brutus - https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/brutus-essay-no-1#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBrutus%E2%80%9D%20was%20the%20pseudonym%20for,a%20New%20York%20state%20judge.
Antifederalist essays - https://history.nycourts.gov/about_period/antifederalist-papers/
89-79 vote on pg 5 (785) - https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5
New York Convention - https://archive.csac.history.wisc.edu/ny_ratifies_the_constitution.pdf
Bill of Rights - https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights/how-did-it-happen#:~:text=Introducing%20the%20Bill%20of%20Rights%20in%20the%20First%20Congress&text=But%20James%20Madison%2C%20once%20the,relentlessly%E2%80%9D%20to%20secure%20its%20passage.
Signers of Const - https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-constitution/#:~:text=On%20September%2017%2C%201787%2C%2039,slavery%20and%20the%20slave%20trade.
Unanimous rejection - https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/demand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html#:~:text=In%20the%20final%20days%20of%20the%20Constitutional%20Convention%2C%20as%20delegates,little%20debate%2C%20the%20proposal%20was
Mass 187-167 - https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html
Madison first election - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0219
Madison to antifederalist voter - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0297
Federalist resurgence - https://www.jstor.org/stable/24768844?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents
Gerrymander - https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2017/02/elbridge-gerry-and-the-monstrous-gerrymander/
Patrick Henry short - https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/political/patrick_henry.htm
Virginia ratifying convention - https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/oc/stc/entries/virginia-ratifying-convention-journal-june-25-1788#:~:text=This%20broadside%20published%20Virginia's%20decision,of%20America%20to%20do%20so.
Madison as Secretary - https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/madison-james
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By The Sons Of HistoryDiffering political philosophies instigated the American Revolution, but after defeating the British, new, yet familiar philosophies butted heads. As Federalists and Antifederalists faced off in literary and verbal spars, a most important Founding Father switched sides. The ongoing political conflicts would soon result in one of the most controversial and enduring political maneuvers in American history.
Recommended reading: Gerrymandering in America: The House of Representatives, the Supreme Court, and the Future of Popular Sovereignty by Cambridge University Press.
Cartoon - https://www.si.edu/object/cartoon-gerry-mander-1813%3Anmah_509530
Brief history - https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/gerrymandering-explained?ceid=%7B%7BContactsEmailID%7D%7D&emci=946d3453-90d5-ed11-8e8b-00224832eb73&emdi=ea000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&utm_medium=PANTHEON_STRIPPED
Elbridge Gerry - https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/06/21/the-gerry-in-gerrymandering/
Gerry bio - https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html
Short Gerry bio - https://www.nga.org/governor/elbridge-gerry/
First gerrymander - https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5#page_scan_tab_contents
Redistricting reform act - https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2670
Madison timeline - https://www.loc.gov/collections/james-madison-papers/articles-and-essays/james-madison-timeline-1751-to-1836/1784-to-1807/
Washington gallows quote - https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-writings-of-george-washington/to-joseph-reed-president-of-the-supreme-executive-council-of-pennsylvania-december-12-1778-excerpt/07E587064BF8A503DB32AD985D1F8BAA
Brutus - https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/brutus-essay-no-1#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBrutus%E2%80%9D%20was%20the%20pseudonym%20for,a%20New%20York%20state%20judge.
Antifederalist essays - https://history.nycourts.gov/about_period/antifederalist-papers/
89-79 vote on pg 5 (785) - https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5
New York Convention - https://archive.csac.history.wisc.edu/ny_ratifies_the_constitution.pdf
Bill of Rights - https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights/how-did-it-happen#:~:text=Introducing%20the%20Bill%20of%20Rights%20in%20the%20First%20Congress&text=But%20James%20Madison%2C%20once%20the,relentlessly%E2%80%9D%20to%20secure%20its%20passage.
Signers of Const - https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-constitution/#:~:text=On%20September%2017%2C%201787%2C%2039,slavery%20and%20the%20slave%20trade.
Unanimous rejection - https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/demand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html#:~:text=In%20the%20final%20days%20of%20the%20Constitutional%20Convention%2C%20as%20delegates,little%20debate%2C%20the%20proposal%20was
Mass 187-167 - https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html
Madison first election - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0219
Madison to antifederalist voter - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0297
Federalist resurgence - https://www.jstor.org/stable/24768844?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents
Gerrymander - https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2017/02/elbridge-gerry-and-the-monstrous-gerrymander/
Patrick Henry short - https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/political/patrick_henry.htm
Virginia ratifying convention - https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/oc/stc/entries/virginia-ratifying-convention-journal-june-25-1788#:~:text=This%20broadside%20published%20Virginia's%20decision,of%20America%20to%20do%20so.
Madison as Secretary - https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/madison-james