Differing political philosophies instigated the American Revolution, but after defeating the British, new, yet familiar philosophies butted heads. As Federalists and Antifederalists faced off in literary and verbal spars, a most important Founding Father switched sides. The ongoing political conflicts would soon result in one of the most controversial and enduring political maneuvers in American history.
Recommended reading: Gerrymandering in America: The House of Representatives, the Supreme Court, and the Future of Popular Sovereignty by Cambridge University Press.
Cartoon - https://www.si.edu/object/cartoon-gerry-mander-1813%3Anmah_509530
Brief history - https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/gerrymandering-explained?ceid=%7B%7BContactsEmailID%7D%7D&emci=946d3453-90d5-ed11-8e8b-00224832eb73&emdi=ea000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&utm_medium=PANTHEON_STRIPPED
Elbridge Gerry - https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/06/21/the-gerry-in-gerrymandering/
Gerry bio - https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html
Short Gerry bio - https://www.nga.org/governor/elbridge-gerry/
First gerrymander - https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5#page_scan_tab_contents
Redistricting reform act - https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2670
Madison timeline - https://www.loc.gov/collections/james-madison-papers/articles-and-essays/james-madison-timeline-1751-to-1836/1784-to-1807/
Washington gallows quote - https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-writings-of-george-washington/to-joseph-reed-president-of-the-supreme-executive-council-of-pennsylvania-december-12-1778-excerpt/07E587064BF8A503DB32AD985D1F8BAA
Brutus - https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/brutus-essay-no-1#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBrutus%E2%80%9D%20was%20the%20pseudonym%20for,a%20New%20York%20state%20judge.
Antifederalist essays - https://history.nycourts.gov/about_period/antifederalist-papers/
89-79 vote on pg 5 (785) - https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5
New York Convention - https://archive.csac.history.wisc.edu/ny_ratifies_the_constitution.pdf
Bill of Rights - https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights/how-did-it-happen#:~:text=Introducing%20the%20Bill%20of%20Rights%20in%20the%20First%20Congress&text=But%20James%20Madison%2C%20once%20the,relentlessly%E2%80%9D%20to%20secure%20its%20passage.
Signers of Const - https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-constitution/#:~:text=On%20September%2017%2C%201787%2C%2039,slavery%20and%20the%20slave%20trade.
Unanimous rejection - https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/demand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html#:~:text=In%20the%20final%20days%20of%20the%20Constitutional%20Convention%2C%20as%20delegates,little%20debate%2C%20the%20proposal%20was
Mass 187-167 - https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html
Madison first election - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0219
Madison to antifederalist voter - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0297
Federalist resurgence - https://www.jstor.org/stable/24768844?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents
Gerrymander - https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2017/02/elbridge-gerry-and-the-monstrous-gerrymander/
Patrick Henry short - https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/political/patrick_henry.htm
Virginia ratifying convention - https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/oc/stc/entries/virginia-ratifying-convention-journal-june-25-1788#:~:text=This%20broadside%20published%20Virginia's%20decision,of%20America%20to%20do%20so.
Madison as Secretary - https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/madison-james
