American Tales with Dustin Bass

The Dutch began their colony 400 years ago, but it would not last long. While other imperial powers accumulated colonies, the Dutch found power through a different method, and it was one that would greatly assist the new country of America. The incidental arrival of one statesman ensured the United States received what it needed, while also establishing a first for the nation.

Recommended reading: Papers of John Adams: Volume 13 - May to October 1782

Cited sources:

Date of recognition - https://history.state.gov/countries/netherlands#:~:text=Dutch%20Recognition%20of%20U.S.%20Independence,Adams%20on%20April%2019%2C%201782.

Brief on Adams - https://nl.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulate/the-hague/history/

Adams and Dutch - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/john-adams-was-united-states-first-ambassador-well-its-second-president-180962891/

Dutch colony - https://www.nps.gov/mava/learn/historyculture/new-netherland.htm#:~:text=The%20first%2031%20families%20arrived,Amsterdam%E2%80%9D%20began%20to%20be%20formed.

Adams revisits Netherlands 1786 - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-18-02-0228 

The Adams in Dutch Republic - https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/en/dutch-american-stories-johnny-goes-dutch

Adams Hague info - https://www.masshist.org/publications/adams-papers/index.php/view/ADMS-01-03-01-0005

Early Dutch - https://academic.oup.com/book/11024/chapter-abstract/159364830?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Amsterdam finance capital - https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/financial-history-review/article/abs/amsterdam-and-london-as-financial-centers-in-the-eighteenth-century1/8B23F8D271B1BCD05594064523600E85

Dutch in the Am Revolution - https://blog.dar.org/dutch-influence#:~:text=On%20May%2017%2C%20Adams%20secured,million%20guilders%2C%20or%20%2412%20million.

Dutch in the Am Rev - https://www.amrevmuseum.org/the-netherlands-and-the-american-revolution

80 Years War - https://historischmuseumdenbriel.nl/en/collection/stories/eighty-years-war/

Dutch Republic map - https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/dutch-navy-of-the-seventeenth-and-eighteenth-centuries/map-of-the-dutch-republic/623E8313B8AC2DF0C9D67841F2775B7F

New Amsterdam surrender - https://www.mcny.org/petrus-stuyvesant

Richard Nicoll - https://history.nycourts.gov/figure/richard-nicoll/

Adams diplomacy - https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/adams-diplomatic-missions/

Treaty of Alliance - https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-alliance-with-france#:~:text=According%20to%20this%20first%20military,behalf%20of%20the%20American%20Colonies.

Adams influence - https://www.mass.gov/guides/john-adams-architect-of-american-government

Charles Gravier - https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/charles-gravier

Adams appointed Dutch minister - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-10-02-0258

Proposed Treaty of Amity and Commerce - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-10-02-0260

As Alexander Graham Bell’s company continues to grow, its research and development division continues to draw scientists from around the country to innovate and invent. One young optical physicist has an idea that will transform the way the world communicates. A high-profile American is selected to demonstrate history altering technology.

Recommended reading: The Columbia History of American Television by Gary R. Edgerton

Cited sources:

Phone patent - https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-telephone-invention 

Phone patent - https://www.marquette.edu/news-center/2020/marquette-professor-settles-144-year-controversy-on-invention-of-the-telephone.php

Phone patent image - https://www.docsteach.org/activities/teacher/patent-analysis-alexander-graham-bells-telephone 

Patent SCOTUS - https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/128/315/

Centennial Exhibition - https://collaborativehistory.gse.upenn.edu/stories/history-making-event-west-philadelphia

Herbert Ives - https://www.bairdtelevision.com/Ives.html

Herbert Ives - http://waywiser.rc.fas.harvard.edu/people/9098/herbert-eugene-ives;jsessionid=77D7B248F7CA3DB32C275AA48BCF3219

Ives bio - https://www.optica.org/history/biographies/bios/herbert-e--ives/ 

Bell Labs - https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-022-00426-6

Bell Labs - http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~gelman/research/published/bell.pdf 

TV History - https://www.cs.cornell.edu/~pjs54/Teaching/AutomaticLifestyle-S02/Projects/Vlku/history.html

TV demo - https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2015/today-in-media-history-in-1927-newspapers-introduced-television/

TV demo - https://www.nytimes.com/1964/10/22/hoover-made-speech-on-television-in-1927.html

TV demo - https://www.edn.com/hoover-joins-1st-american-demo-of-long-distance-tv-april-7-1927/

TV demo - https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=3986 

Hoover as comm sec - https://library.doc.gov/digital-exhibits/hoover-digital-exhibit/aviation

Air Commerce Act - https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/about/history/people/First_AGC1.pdf

ATT History - https://www.pbs.org/transistor/background1/corgs/att.html

Halftone - https://gallery.lib.umn.edu/exhibits/show/pre-separated-art/press-halftone

Ives Airplane Photography book - https://www.gutenberg.org/files/53508/53508-h/53508-h.htm

Western Electric history - https://www.westernelectric.com/company-history

Telephotography example - https://www.amazon.com/HistoricalFindings-Photo-Herbert-telephotograph-Explain/dp/B0844RWFZ3

Immediately after the Revolution, America makes its first trade agreement in Asia with China. Attempting to do the same with the closed country of Japan looks to be impossible. A timely opportunity and the right naval officer enables America to do what no other western power could.

Recommended reading: Narrative of the Expedition to the China Seas and Japan by Commodore Matthew Perry

Cited sources:

Opening Japan - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/opening-to-japan#:~:text=The%20Japanese%20grudgingly%20agreed%20to,American%20ships%3A%20Shimoda%20and%20Hakodate.

Opening Japan - https://www.jstor.org/stable/30209385

Sakoku - http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/japan/tokugawa_edicts_foreigners.pdf

Sakoku - https://users.wfu.edu/watts/w03_Japancl.html 

Christianity in Japan - https://www.historytoday.com/archive/feature/christianitys-bloody-history-japan 

Christianity in Japan - https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00597/a-timeline-of-christianity-in-japan.html 

Trade with China - https://china.usembassy-china.org.cn/history-of-the-u-s-and-china/

Perry bio - https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/research-guides/z-files/zb-files/zb-files-p/perry-matthew-c.html

Perry bio - https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/education/educational-resources/to-the-ends-of-the-earth/commodore-perry-and-japan/biography--matthew-calbraith-perry.html

Perry bio - https://library.brown.edu/cds/perry/people_Perry.html

Hideyoshi - https://www.worldhistory.org/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi/

Warring States - https://www.worldhistory.org/Sengoku_Period/

David Conner - https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/us-people/c/conner-david.html

Mail ships - https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1939/september/navy-and-first-u-s-ocean-mail-ships

John Aulick - https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/aulick-john-h-ca-1791-1873/

Webster quote and other islands - https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1952/march/commodore-perry-and-bonin-islands

Treaty of Kanagawa - https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/treaty-of-kanagawa#:~:text=On%20March%2031%2C%201854%2C%20the,forbidding%20commerce%20with%20foreign%20nations

Differing political philosophies instigated the American Revolution, but after defeating the British, new, yet familiar philosophies butted heads. As Federalists and Antifederalists faced off in literary and verbal spars, a most important Founding Father switched sides. The ongoing political conflicts would soon result in one of the most controversial and enduring political maneuvers in American history.

Recommended reading: Gerrymandering in America: The House of Representatives, the Supreme Court, and the Future of Popular Sovereignty by Cambridge University Press. 

Cartoon - ⁠https://www.si.edu/object/cartoon-gerry-mander-1813%3Anmah_509530⁠

Brief history - ⁠https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/gerrymandering-explained?ceid=%7B%7BContactsEmailID%7D%7D&emci=946d3453-90d5-ed11-8e8b-00224832eb73&emdi=ea000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&utm_medium=PANTHEON_STRIPPED⁠

Elbridge Gerry - ⁠https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2018/06/21/the-gerry-in-gerrymandering/⁠

Gerry bio - ⁠https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html⁠ 

Short Gerry bio - ⁠https://www.nga.org/governor/elbridge-gerry/⁠ 

First gerrymander - ⁠https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5#page_scan_tab_contents⁠

Redistricting reform act - ⁠https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2670⁠

Madison timeline - ⁠https://www.loc.gov/collections/james-madison-papers/articles-and-essays/james-madison-timeline-1751-to-1836/1784-to-1807/⁠

Washington gallows quote - ⁠https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/political-writings-of-george-washington/to-joseph-reed-president-of-the-supreme-executive-council-of-pennsylvania-december-12-1778-excerpt/07E587064BF8A503DB32AD985D1F8BAA⁠

Brutus - ⁠https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/historic-document-library/detail/brutus-essay-no-1#:~:text=%E2%80%9CBrutus%E2%80%9D%20was%20the%20pseudonym%20for,a%20New%20York%20state%20judge⁠. 

Antifederalist essays - ⁠https://history.nycourts.gov/about_period/antifederalist-papers/⁠ 

89-79 vote on pg 5 (785) - ⁠https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546676?read-now=1&seq=5⁠

New York Convention - ⁠https://archive.csac.history.wisc.edu/ny_ratifies_the_constitution.pdf⁠

Bill of Rights - ⁠https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights/how-did-it-happen#:~:text=Introducing%20the%20Bill%20of%20Rights%20in%20the%20First%20Congress&text=But%20James%20Madison%2C%20once%20the,relentlessly%E2%80%9D%20to%20secure%20its%20passage⁠. 

Signers of Const - ⁠https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-constitution/#:~:text=On%20September%2017%2C%201787%2C%2039,slavery%20and%20the%20slave%20trade⁠.

Unanimous rejection - ⁠https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/demand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html#:~:text=In%20the%20final%20days%20of%20the%20Constitutional%20Convention%2C%20as%20delegates,little%20debate%2C%20the%20proposal%20was⁠ 

Mass 187-167 - ⁠https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/gerry.html⁠

Madison first election - ⁠https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0219⁠ 

Madison to antifederalist voter - ⁠https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0297⁠

Federalist resurgence - ⁠https://www.jstor.org/stable/24768844?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents⁠

Gerrymander - ⁠https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2017/02/elbridge-gerry-and-the-monstrous-gerrymander/⁠

Patrick Henry short - ⁠https://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/political/patrick_henry.htm⁠

Virginia ratifying convention - ⁠https://edu.lva.virginia.gov/oc/stc/entries/virginia-ratifying-convention-journal-june-25-1788#:~:text=This%20broadside%20published%20Virginia's%20decision,of%20America%20to%20do%20so⁠.

Madison as Secretary - ⁠https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/madison-james⁠

On a Monday morning in 1831, it is discovered that approximately $245,000 is missing from the City Bank of New York. In a city without a police force, a Manhattan constable takes on a brilliantly executed bank heist conducted by professional thieves who escaped from Australia’s penal colony.

Recommended reading: The Irresistible Invitation of High Constable Jacob Hays by Patrick Bringley

Most info - https://books.google.com/books?id=M_0-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=1831+city+bank+of+new+york+robbery&source=bl&ots=SZj-BeYLq9&sig=ACfU3U0Q1UKvPZOmCGWRfi694hV3UGR0_g&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjm3dT57eyEAxWbOkQIHU_-D2Q4FBDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=1831%20city%20bank%20of%20new%20york%20robbery&f=false

Good info - https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta9LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29&lpg=PT29&dq=1831+city+bank+of+new+york+robbery&source=bl&ots=Im5GjHMCl7&sig=ACfU3U123EMNQLWzlzMCJCyNBrmpYjlL7w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRxvWv5-yEAxW7IEQIHchLDIA4FBDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=1831%20city%20bank%20of%20new%20york%20robbery&f=false

First robbery - https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/fast_facts/1830_fast_facts.html

Robbery Info - https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2013/03/first-bank-robbery-in-united-states/

Robbery info - https://books.google.com/books?id=ytwsCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Edward+Smith%22+%22City+Bank%22&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q=%22Edward%20Smith%22%20%22City%20Bank%22&f=false

Jacob Hays - https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/f0517/old-hays-his-descendants-legacy-the-last-high-constable-new-york-city#/0

NY’s first real detective - https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1932/04/23/old-hays

Detective method - https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/new-yorkers-31-remarkable-people

Hays bio - https://loebjewishportraits.com/biography/jacob-hays-2/

Hays bio - http://famousamericans.net/jacobhays/

First Fleet - https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-fleet-sets-sail-australia/

As the American Revolution nears its end, the question of compensation for the Continental Army remains in question. Strongly worded demands to Congress and mutinies regiments spell potential disaster. While peace negotiations are underway, a conspiracy among the officers unfolds. Only one man can stop it.

Recommended reading: A Crisis of Peace by David Head

Cited sources:

The Continentalist - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-02-02-1186

AOC and ratification - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/articles

Newburgh conspiracy - https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/newburgh-conspiracy

Newburgh conspiracy - https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/newburgh-conspiracy/

1781 mutinies - https://dcssar.org/resources/Documents/Publications/THE%20MUTINIES%20OF%201781.pdf

Penn Line mutiny - https://allthingsliberty.com/2014/01/mutiny-pennsylvania-line/

Wayne to Reed letter - https://digitalcollections.nyhistory.org/islandora/object/nyhs%3A65362

Washington pay comment - “Washington: A Life” by Ron Chernow, pg. 188

Soldier pay - https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/soldier-pay-american-revolution

Cattle pay - https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/soldier-pay-american-revolution

Washington to Armstrong letter 1797 - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-21-02-0338

Peace negotiations - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/treaty

Newburgh letters - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-10818

General Orders March 11 - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-10811

Incurable height quote - https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/masterpieces-in-detail/george-washington-letter-to-david-rittenhouse/#:~:text=Henry%20Knox%20formed%20a%20committee,patience%20may%20have%20fatal%20effects.%E2%80%9D

Five year pay - https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/newburgh-conspiracy

In England, Scotland, and Ireland, religiously and politically charged civil wars were fought, which led to the execution of a king and a short-lived English republic. With the restoration of the monarchy, a land grant was issued to a young English Quaker. It was a grant that would not only provide religious freedom in America, but would change the course of history.

Recommended reading: William Penn: A Life by Andrew R. Murphy

Penn - https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/october-14/

Penn gov for Penn - https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa04.asp

Charter grant - https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/pa07.asp

Charles II - https://www.royal.uk/charles-ii

James I - https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/scottish-history-and-archaeology/james-vi-and-i/

James I - https://www.royal.uk/james-i#:~:text=James%20I%20(r.,%2D1625)%20%7C%20The%20Royal%20Family

Charles I - https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/scottish-history-and-archaeology/the-jacobite-challenge/the-jacobite-challenge/coronation-ampulla/

Charles I - https://www.royal.uk/charles-i

Mary Queen of Scots - https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/scottish-history-and-archaeology/mary-queen-of-scots/mary-queen-of-scots/life-and-deathline-of-mary-queen-of-scots/

Cromwell - https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/how-did-oliver-cromwell-die

Interregnum - https://www.royal.uk/interregnum-1649-1660 

British Civil Wars - https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/british-civil-wars 

British Civil Wars - https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/the-english-civil-wars-history-and-stories/ 

Restoration - https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/restoration#:~:text=King%20Charles%20II%20has%20returned!&text=On%2025%20May%201660%20Charles,been%20suppressed%20under%20the%20Republic.

Glorious Rev - https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/The-Glorious-Revolution-1688/

Admiral Will Penn - https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Penn-British-admiral

Admiral Will Penn - https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-14419

Quaker execution - https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01-2.html 

Roger Williams - https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01-2.html 

March 4, 1681 - https://hsp.org/blogs/question-week/march-4-1681-marks-which-important-event-pennsylvania%E2%80%99s-history

Delaware - https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/august-24/#william-penn-acquires-the-lower-counties

Longest surviving written charter - https://www.senate.gov/about/origins-foundations/senate-and-constitution/constitution-day.htm#:~:text=Written%20in%201787%2C%20ratified%20in,surviving%20written%20charter%20of%20government.

Aviation boomed in 1920s America, as US pilots scored firsts for endurance and transcontinental flights. As aviation advanced and planes became faster and more powerful, the next challenge was to attain perpetual flight. With the end of World War II, America seemed to have just what they needed to accomplish the seemingly impossible.

Recommended reading: Flight: The Complete History of Aviation by R.G. Grant

Cited sources:

Refueling history - https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197385/first-air-to-air-refueling/#:~:text=to%20Air%20Refueling-,To%20eliminate%20the%20fuel%20limitation%20problem%2C%20the%20fliers%20at%20Rockwell,Smith%20on%20June%2027%2C%201923.

B-50 - https://planesoffame.org/aircraft/plane-B-50A 

Lucky Lady II - https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0399lucky/

Lucky Lady II - https://www.edn.com/1st-nonstop-flight-around-the-world-lands-march-2-1949/

LLII - https://www.defense.gov/News/Inside-DOD/Blog/Article/2091499/the-air-force-made-the-1st-nonstop-round-the-world-flight/

Mackay Trophy - https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/mackay-trophy/

Mackay Trophy winners - https://naa.aero/awards/awards-and-trophies/mackay-trophy/mackay-1920-1929-winners/

Fokker T-2 - https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/fokker-t-2/nasm_A19240003000#:~:text=The%20T%2D2%20had%20flown,147%20kph%20(92%20mph).

Fastest planes - https://aerocorner.com/blog/fastest-planes-of-ww2/

B-29 - https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196252/boeing-b-29-superfortress/

Soviet atom bomb - https://www.theepochtimes.com/bright/how-a-usaf-simulation-nearly-resulted-in-nuclear-disaster-5577558

1924 flight around the world - https://www.theepochtimes.com/bright/donald-douglas-first-around-the-world-5497945

Global Queen - https://www.fai.org/news/lucky-lady-ii-story-first-non-stop-round-world-flight

Vandenberg Trophy - https://www.afhistory.af.mil/FAQs/Fact-Sheets/Article/458978/lucky-ladies-i-ii-and-iii/

The Space Race between the US and the USSR had only intensified the Cold War, and the Soviets proved to be well ahead of the Americans. A Senator from Texas pushed for new legislation that would enable the US to compete. The first initiative was to catch up with the USSR by putting a man in space and then to orbit the Earth. The next step was to win the race.

International Geophysical Year - https://www.nasa.gov/history/70-years-ago-scientists-establish-the-international-geophysical-year/

Sputnik - https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ussr-launches-sputnik/

Sputnik - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/sputnik

Baikonur - https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/12/09/russias-cosmos-town-an-isolated-relic-of-soviet-glory-a75772 

Baikonur - https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Baikonur_Cosmodrome 

Yuri - https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/april-1961-first-human-entered-space/#:~:text=Yuri%20Gagarin%20from%20the%20Soviet,not%20land%20inside%20of%20capsule. 

NASA Act 1958 - https://www.senate.gov/general/Features/SpaceLanding_Article_display.htm

NASA Act - https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-the-national-aeronautics-and-space-act-of-1958-creates-nasa/#:~:text=President%20Eisenhower%20signed%20the%20National,of%20the%20International%20Geophysical%20Year. 

Mercury program - https://www.nasa.gov/missions/project-mercury/in-the-beginning-project-mercury/

Alan Shepard bio - https://achievement.org/achiever/admiral-alan-shepard-jr/

First flight - https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/shepards-mercury-flight-was-first-step-on-the-long-journey-to-mars/ 

Vanguard - https://www.nasa.gov/history/60-years-ago-vanguard-fails-to-reach-orbit/ 

Mercury Shepard - https://www.nasa.gov/mission/mercury-redstone-3-freedom-7/ 

Alan Shepard ship - https://airandspace.si.edu/explore/stories/alan-shepard

John Glenn - https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured-documents/friendship-7-transcript

Glenn bio - https://www.nasa.gov/people/john-glenn/ 

Ranger 8 - https://science.nasa.gov/mission/ranger-8/

JFK Congress - https://www.nasa.gov/history/60-years-ago-president-kennedy-proposes-moon-landing-goal-in-speech-to-congress/

JFK Rice - https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/historic-speeches/address-at-rice-university-on-the-nations-space-effort 

Ranger Program - https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/past/ranger.html

When Leonardo da Vinci died, he bequeathed his manuscripts and unpublished works to his favorite student. Over the centuries, some were stolen, some were purchased, and some were lost. While researching in a Spanish library, an American professor finds a historic manuscript he wasn’t even looking for.

Recommended reading: The Leonardo da Vinci Codices in the Biblioteca Nacional of Madrid translated by Ladislao Reti

Cited sources:

Codices -https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-madrid-codices-accion-cultural-espanola-ace/pQVxV0d9w8HFtA?hl=en

The discovery -https://courier.unesco.org/en/articles/los-codices-de-madrid 

The discovery -https://www.edn.com/da-vincis-madrid-codices-are-discovered-february-13-1967/

Discovery and publication -https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/30/archives/leonardo-legend-grows-as-longlost-notes-are-published-commentaries.html 

Ladislao bio -https://www.jstor.org/stable/3102957?read-now=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Searching for the documents -https://www.jstor.org/stable/875461

Chronology of the National Library of Spain -https://www.bne.es/es/conocenos/historia/cronologia 

Melzi bio -https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/whats-on/leonardo-s-legacy-francesco-melzi-and-the-leonardeschi

Pompeo Leoni -https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/artist/leoni-pompeo/5173cb5b-fc20-4334-8eb3-43d5188300ad

History of da Vinci manuscripts -https://vernonpress.com/file/445/542aca6f2aaed49cd005966c3efebb6e/1426572502.pdf

Collection without order -https://www.discoveringdavinci.com/record-of-the-manuscripts

Ambrosiana library -https://www.ambrosiana.it/en/who-we-are/ambrosiana/ 

Columbus -https://www.theepochtimes.com/bright/what-it-took-for-columbus-to-finally-set-sail-5427080

700 pages -https://www.nytimes.com/1967/02/14/archives/700-pages-of-leonardo-mss-found-in-madrid-700-pages-of-leonardo.html

McGraw-Hill set -https://madridcodices.com/product/the-madrid-codices-of-leonardo-da-vinci/

Piccus image with Codices images -https://historicimages.com/products/rsk92805