As New York City’s population boomed throughout the 19th century, Cornelius Vanderbilt’s empire moved from steamboats to railroads. While the Vanderbilt railroad empire struggled to keep pace with the bustling society into the 20th century, a disaster and an idea led to an architectural and engineering marvel. 

Recommended reading: Grand Central: How a Train Station Transformed America by Sam Roberts

Cited sources:

GCT History - https://www.ascemetsection.org/committees/history-and-heritage/landmarks/grand-central-terminal 

GCT History - https://grandcentralterminal.com/history/ 

GCT History - https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/grand-central-terminal-history 

GCT History - https://gcthistory.com/#s1

GCT History - https://www.nypap.org/preservation-history/grand-central-terminal/ 

GCT History - https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/20/nyregion/the-birth-of-grand-central-terminal-100-years-later.html 

Interesting facts - https://www.history.com/news/grand-central-terminal-facts

Wilgus and GCT - https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29LM.1943-5630.0000094

Early NY train system - https://www.trains.com/ctr/railroads/fallen-flags/remembering-the-new-york-central-system-part-1/

Whitney Warren bio - https://www.nps.gov/people/whitney-warren.htm

1902 train crash - https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grandcentral-parkave/

Vanderbilt - https://www.nrrhof.org/cornelius-vanderbilt

Vanderbilt - https://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/cornelius-vanderbilt

NY Population 1790-2000 - https://www.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/historical-population/1790-2000_nyc_total_foreign_birth.pdf

NY Pop Study - https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/epr/05v11n2/0512glae.pdf

Coutan - https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2007/19th-century-furniture-sculpture-ceramics-and-works-of-art-including-property-formerly-from-the-palacio-ferreyra-argentina-n08305/lot.274.html

Newspaper crash articles - https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grandcentral-parkave/

Six ships and 346 men led by Lt. Charles Wilkes embarked on a four-year expedition that would change the way we see the world. From geographic, zoologic and ethnographic discoveries, the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 provided so much information that it was enough to establish the core of nearly every collection in every scientific department in the Smithsonian Institute’s National Museum of Natural History.

Recommended reading: Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery by Nathaniel Philbrick

Cited sources:

SI long article by Philbrick - https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/learn/philbrick.htm

Expedition article - https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/united_states_exploring_expedition_1838_1842_/#.ZAjZ6OzMIWo

Peacock sinking - https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/u.s.s._peacock/#.ZAja7OzMIWp

Doc video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWeGu0WTOes

The specimen collection - https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/learn/Walsh-01.htm

Route map - https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/fdscontent/uscompanion/us/static/companion.websites/9780199389315/maps/ch11/map11_00300.jpg

Philbrick Book - https://www.amazon.com/Sea-Glory-South-Expedition-1838-42/dp/0007121156

Ordered map - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition#/media/File:Charles_wilkes_part1.png

Westward age of expansion - https://americanexperience.si.edu/historical-eras/expansion/ 

Treaty of Fort Stanwix - https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/1768-boundary-line-treaty-of-fort-stanwix.htm

Lewis and Clark Exp - https://www.britannica.com/event/Lewis-and-Clark-Expedition

Jeremiah Reynolds - https://www.bensonlibrary.org/Author/Home?author=%22Reynolds%2C%20Jeremiah%22 

Reynolds address to Congress - https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027813719&view=1up&seq=20

The elements of maritime enterprise have been from the earliest period of our history incorporated with the character of our people. - pg 8

References George Berkeley’s verses regarding the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America (1728) - pg 15

When monarchs hesitated, and ministers looked on with cold and calculating indifference, she cast her jewels upon the waters, and fortune paid her with a new world, from which has sprung a race of men, who have given new hopes to liberty, when it was nearly lost; and who are now struggling to throw back on Europe, with interest and gratitude, the rays of light we have received from her. - pg 100

Poe and Melville inspiration - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/real-life-whale-inspired-moby-dick-180965282/

Sea Gull in gale image - https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-51000/NH-51499.html

Paulding quote - https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1939/october/wilkes-exploring-expedition

Three groups - https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/art/exhibits/exploration-and-technology/alfred-agate-collection/18390/orange-harbor--tierra-del-fuego-and-cape-horn.html

List of crew - https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/navigation/Crew/crew_display_by_ship.cfm?ship=Flying%20Fish

Second expedition into Anarctica - https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/e/exploring-the-antarctic-1840-the-wilkes-expedition.html

Wilke’s Emerald Island and Wilkes quotes - https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/e/exploring-the-antarctic-1840-the-wilkes-expedition.html

Columbia River quote - https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/united_states_exploring_expedition_1838_1842_/#.ZAztR-zMIWp 

Midshipman quote - https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/u.s.s._peacock/#.ZA96TuzMIWq

Settling the controversy Pillsbury - https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1914/september/wilkes-exploring-expedition

Smithsonian quote - https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/usexex/learn/Walsh-01.htm

A Swiss physicist challenges the world’s heights and depths with imaginative creations fit for Jules Verne. After reaching record heights, the physicist plans to tackle the depths of the seas. The US Navy aims to make those plans a success with the deepest dive possible.

ecommended reading: Seven Miles Down: The Story of the Bathyscaph Trieste by Jacques Piccard and Robert Dietz

Cited sources:

Sources

Bathyscaphe - https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/bathyscaphe/

Trieste - https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/exploration-and-innovation/bathyscaph-trieste.html

Trieste - https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/artifacts/ship-and-shore/boats-and-small-craft/bathyscape-trieste.html

Le Plongeur - https://www.musee-marine.fr/en/collections/rochefort/the-model-of-le-plongeur.html 

Piccard - https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/science/leading-figures/auguste-piccard-the-versatile-explorer-from-the-sky-to-the-bottom-of-the-sea/

Piccard - https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/auguste-antoine-piccard

Piccard balloon flight - https://www.fai.org/news/fai-celebrates-90th-anniversary-auguste-piccard-breaking-stratospheric-barrier 

The dive - https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2020/january/first-deepest-dive

Swiss war years - file:///Users/dustinbass/Downloads/die-schweiz-in-der-zeit-der-weltkriege_EN.pdf

Dive - https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/nmusn/PDFs/Education/NMUSN_Education_Trieste_60.pdf

Universal Exposition - https://library.brown.edu/cds/paris/worldfairs.html#de1867

Project Nekton - https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/prior-exhibits/2020/trieste/project-nekton.html

Don Walsh - https://seahistory.org/award/capt-don-walsh-usn-ret/

Walsh - https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/museums/nmusn/PDFs/Education/NMUSN_Education_Trieste_60.pdf

The peace from the Great War proves fragile as European diplomats work to make agreements on militarism, reparations, and land. A veteran French minister seizes opportunities to bring nations to the table. His sly bilateral proposal to America is countered with a savvy response from a farmer-turned-lawyer.

Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg-Briand Pact by Robert Ferrell

Washington Times article - https://www.loc.gov/item/sn84026749/1918-11-11/ed-1/

KB Pact Info - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/kellogg 

KB Pact Text - https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp 

Mukden Incident - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/mukden-incident

Locarno Pact - https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/spirit-locarno

Dawes Plan - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/dawes 

Young Plan - https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/dawes 

Kellogg bio - https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/kellogg-frank-billings 

Kellogg bio - https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1929/kellogg/biographical/ 

Briand bio - https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1926/briand/facts/ 

Briand in politics - https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/index.php/en/aristide-briand

Locarno info - https://www.loc.gov/item/2021667899/

Shotwell - https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/james-t-shotwell-life-devoted-organizing-peace

Kellogg response to Briand - https://www.cfr.org/blog/twe-remembers-kellogg-briand-pact

Caught between two revolutions, the Age of Aeronautics begins. In England, an American Loyalist and surgeon connects with a young French inventor and struggling aeronaut. Together, Europe and America reap the benefits of their daring.

“The First Air Voyage in America” by Jean Pierre Blanchard

Cited sources:

Blanchard bio - https://lewis-clark.org/sciences/age-of-enlightenment/blanchards-balloon/ 

Blanchard bio - https://www.blimpinfo.com/history-2/this-mo-in-hist/this-mo-in-hist-jan/jp-blanchard/ 

Blanchard story - https://stratocat.com.ar/artics/blanchard-e.htm 

Blanchard info - https://www.fai.org/sites/default/files/documents/cia-hof-blanchard-jean-pierre.pdf 

Blanchard Washington Pass - https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-11-02-0383 

John Jeffries - https://npg.si.edu/exh/franklin/jeffries.htm

J Jeffries - https://loyalist.lib.unb.ca/node/4741 

Philly as capital - https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/philadelphia-as-the-capital 

Residence Act - https://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-source-collections/primary-source-collections/article/residence-act-of-1790/

Walnut Street Prison - https://lewis-clark.org/the-trail/eastern-beginnings/lewis-in-philadelphia/historic-philadelphia/walnut-street-prison/

History of ballooning - https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/short-history-of-ballooning/

First balloon flight - https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/first-hot-air-balloon-flight 

Royal Menagerie - https://en.chateauversailles.fr/news/exhibitions/king-animals#the-exhibition

Grimm quote - https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/inflation-of-first-hydrogen-balloon-by-j-a-c-charles/nasm_A20000463000#:~:text=Baron%20Grimm%2C%20another%20Franklin%20acquaintance,%2C%20journeys%20in%20the%20sky.%22

Jeffries retelling of Channel crossing - https://www.masshist.org/beehiveblog/2014/02/his-intrepidity-had-well-nigh-been-fatal-to-him-dr-john-jeffries/

Jeffries Narrative - https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbc0001.2019gen10317c2/?sp=51&st=image

While the world awaits a potential doomsday, America’s greatest cartoonist prepares his own ending. In more than 2,600 newspapers around the world, a globe-shaking announcement is made and an American icon comes to an end.

Recommended reading: “Schulz and Peanuts: A Biography” by David Michaelis, or the 32-book series of the Peanuts comic strips.

Cited sources:

Schulz bio - https://schulzmuseum.org/about-schulz/schulz-biography/

Schulz bio - https://www.srcity.org/1367/About-Schulz

Schulz WW2 - https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/peanuts-creator-charles-schulz-s-experiences-in-wwii-shaped-the-character-of-charlie-brown-1.656415

Y2K - https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/y2k

Dachau - https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/dachau

Schulz obit - https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/14/arts/charles-m-schulz-peanuts-creator-dies-at-77.html

Internet usage - https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ITNETUSERP2USA

Internet usage - https://www.statista.com/statistics/209117/us-internet-penetration/#:~:text=As%20of%202023%2C%20approximately%2092,internet%20users%20in%20the%20country. 

Retirement announced - https://schulzmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Timeline-of-Charles-M-Schulz-and-Peanuts.pdf

Schulz timeline - https://schulzmuseum.org/timeline/#!/2000

Celebrating Christmas used to be against the law during the Puritan era of the 1600s. Slowly, but surely Americans began to warm to the idea of Christmas. The journey of the Christmas tree in America travels a long and rather surprising road. But now Christmas is the nation’s biggest holiday, and tree lighting ceremonies have become a national annual tradition.

Recommend reading: “The Christmas Tree Book: The History of the Christmas Tree & Antique Christmas Tree Ornaments” by Phillip V. Snyder

Cited sources:

https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/hillsboroughco/2017/12/15/brief-history-christmas-tree-united-states/

Christmas lights - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/untangling-history-christmas-lights-180961140/

Tree history - https://www.britannica.com/story/how-did-the-tradition-of-christmas-trees-start

Tree history - https://www.history.com/topics/christmas/history-of-christmas-trees#who-brought-christmas-trees-to-america

Tree history - https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/christmas-tree-history

Christmas in the colonies - https://www.history.com/news/christmas-13-colonies-puritans

Hale efforts - https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/stealth-campaign-bring-christmas-tree/

Tree history origin - https://www.thoughtco.com/christmas-trees-19th-century-tradition-1773913

Puritan laws - https://newengland.com/yankee/history/how-the-puritans-banned-christmas/

First Christmas - https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/301-600/the-1st-recorded-celebration-of-christmas-11629658.html

Congress and Christmas Day - https://religionandpolitics.org/2012/12/21/did-congress-meet-on-christmas-day-fact-checking-the-war-on-christmas/#:~:text=Emery%20then%20turned%20to%20government,Day%20in%20only%20three%20years.

Saturnalia - https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/saturnalia.html#:~:text=In%20the%20Roman%20calendar%2C%20the,ritual%2C%20with%20the%20head%20uncovered.

Rhine Exodus of 1816/17 - https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/rhine-exodus-of-18161817-within-the-developing-german-atlantic-world/3C1E169554D846E32447970D04132448

German immigration - https://www.deutschland.de/en/usa/us-immigration-americas-german-roots

Thirty Years’ War - https://militarymaps.rct.uk/thirty-years-war-1618-48#:~:text=The%20Thirty%20Years%20War%20began,German%20princes%20and%20occasionally%20Spain).

Harvard prof - https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/12/harvard-professor-brought-first-christmas-tree-to-new-england/

Bokum book - https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b06632/ & https://www.amazon.com/Strangers-Gift-Christmas-Years-Present/dp/B01891RTPA/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=

Winslow Homer Harpers Weekly image - https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/393185

Christmas at Windsor illustration - https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/christmas-tree-at-windsor-castle-from-the-christmas-supplement-to-the-illustrated-london-news 

Household Christmas trees - https://www.christmastreeassociation.org/press-releases/75-percent-of-us-households-or-94-million-homes-will-display-a-christmas-tree-in-2021-despite-supply-chain-and-shortage-challenges#:~:text=December%209%2C%202021%20%2D%20Despite%20global,displaying%20Christmas%20trees%20in%202021%2C 

National Christmas Tree - https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/the-1923-national-christmas-tree-and-the-spirit-of-the-holiday-season-photo-4 

Belle Starr grew up in the chaos of the Civil War. Classically educated and trained to shoot and ride, she became an anomaly among the ruffians she surrounded herself with in Indian Territory. As her star rose and she yearned for the straight life, a Christmas party proved a turning point for both good and ill.

Recommended reading: “Belle Starr and Her Times: The Literature, the Facts, and the Legends” by Glenn Shirley

Cited sources:

Newspaper clipping report - https://www.newspapers.com/image/77251106/?clipping_id=32216357&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjc3MjUxMTA2LCJpYXQiOjE3MDIzMTg4MTgsImV4cCI6MTcwMjQwNTIxOH0.snld09q1L4ocfggmNshGpe873AF-_Ut2EafyQULXQfM

Belle Starr bio - https://www.biography.com/crime/belle-starr

Belle bio - https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=ST018

Belle bio - https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/belle-starr-2406/

Belle bio - https://www.nps.gov/fosm/learn/historyculture/belle-starr-a-black-widow.htm 

Belle - https://www.joplinglobe.com/news/local_news/bill-caldwell-belle-starrs-exploits-were-legendary/article_d3d94b3a-563e-575d-ac55-e097cb4782fe.html

Article on Belle’s life - https://texashighways.com/culture/people/when-belle-starr-married-outlaw-jim-reed-her-legend-as-the-female-jesse-james-began/

Brief Frank West info - https://www.odmp.org/officer/14019-police-officer-frank-west

Frank West - https://lawmen.genealogyvillage.com/lawmen/westfamily.htm 

Sam Starr bio - https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Starr-1135 

​​Sam and Belle - http://thejamesscrolls.blogspot.com/2013/08/sam-and-belle-starr.html

Sam and Belle - https://www.titchenal.com/Cherokee/chapter3/page09.html

Quantrill’s Raiders - https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=QU002

Bruce Younger marriage - https://www.nps.gov/fosm/learn/historyculture/belle-starr-a-black-widow.htm

Belle story - https://www.historynet.com/belle-starr/?f

Thomas Edison believed he had found a solution to the incandescent lightbulb. Now he just needed his invention to work. While the press followed his every move, an old theater in Boston and a famous librettist/composer duo in London would soon coincide to make history.

Recommended reading: “Edison” by Edmund Morris

Cited sources:

Bijou - ⁠https://cinematreasures.org/theaters/11085⁠ 

Bijou - ⁠http://0323017.netsolhost.com/BostonOperaHouseSite.htm⁠

Bijou - ⁠https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/24/resources/2806⁠

Bijou - ⁠https://historyinphotographs.com/products/oh-windy-boston-keiths-bijou⁠

Edison and Bijou - ⁠https://www.britannica.com/art/stagecraft/Electrification⁠ 

Edison and Bijou - ⁠https://archive.blogs.harvard.edu/houghton/edison-bulb/⁠ 

Edison lightbulb patent - ⁠https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/thomas-edisons-patent-application-for-the-light-bulb⁠

Edison and the press - ⁠https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-thomas-edison-tricked-the-press-into-believing-hed-invented-the-light-bulb-180982406/⁠

Edison idea - ⁠https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/oa_monograph/chapter/974260⁠

New York Sun article - ⁠https://www.nature.com/articles/018609a0.pdf⁠

Charles Brush - ⁠https://www.cleveland.com/business/2017/11/charles_brush_invented_the_arc.html⁠ 

Telemachon - ⁠https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/nmah_875681⁠ 

Savoy Theater opera - ⁠https://thelovellcollection.wordpress.com/2017/11/27/852/⁠

Iolanthe - ⁠https://www.eno.org/operas/iolanthe/⁠

Gilbert and Sullivan - ⁠https://www.eno.org/composers/gilbert-sullivan/⁠

Theodore Parker - ⁠https://www.nps.gov/people/theodore-parker.htm⁠

Electrotechnical Expo Munich - ⁠https://docs.google.com/document/d/1LE23RVJO1DYjCbCG0xIhiJJ2OKX615-zJMycI2-e73U/edit⁠

When Charles Dickens made his first visit to America in 1842, he left with a sour taste in his mouth. What began as a hero’s welcome ended in what became known as “The Quarrel with America.” Twenty-five years later, Dickens returned. This time he returned to America for a very special reason, and just in time for the holidays.

Recommended reading: “American Notes” by Charles Dickens. Or you could watch the 10-part series called “Dickens in America.” There is also a great 2917 film called “The Man Who Invented Christmas.”

Cited sources:

First visit - ⁠https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17017791.amp⁠

First visit - ⁠https://www.charlesdickenspage.com/charles-dickens-in-america.html⁠

First visit cities - ⁠https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/dickens/18-american-notes.htm#:~:text=On%20his%20first%20American%20tour,%2C%20and%20even%20Springfield%2C%20Massachusetts⁠. 

Map of first visit - ​​⁠https://www.charlesdickenspage.com/charles-dickens-american-travels-map-1842.html⁠ 

Reasons for a second visit - ⁠https://www.charlesdickenspage.com/case-in-a-nutshell.html⁠ 

Second visit - ⁠https://www.charlesdickenspage.com/charles-dickens-in-america.html#2nd-visit⁠

Map of 2nd visit - ⁠https://www.charlesdickenspage.com/charles-dickens-american-reading-tour-1867-68.html⁠

Dickens annotated reading of Carol - ⁠https://www.charlesdickenspage.com/carol-dickens-reading-text.html⁠

Visits - ⁠http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/lifeofauthor/5onstage.html⁠

Criticisms after first visit - ⁠https://dickensmuseum.com/blogs/charles-dickens-museum/charles-dickens-and-america-part-iii⁠

Second visit - ⁠https://www.massmoments.org/moment-details/charles-dickens-begins-second-american-tour.html⁠

Promise of adding appendix - ⁠https://www.charlesdickenspage.com/chuzzlewit-and-american-notes-appendix.html⁠

Mark Twain on Dickens visit - ⁠https://www.charlesdickenspage.com/twain-on-dickens.html⁠

Dickens books chronology - ⁠https://www.historyhit.com/culture/charles-dickens-books-in-order/⁠

Copyright issues - ⁠https://victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/pva/pva75.html⁠

US copyright laws - ⁠https://www.arl.org/copyright-timeline/⁠

Prison - ⁠https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/dickens/18-american-notes.htm#:~:text=On%20his%20first%20American%20tour,%2C%20and%20even%20Springfield%2C%20Massachusetts⁠.

Scabbard - ⁠https://www.themorgan.org/collections/works/dickens/ChristmasCarol/35#:~:text=Its%20dark%20brown%20curls%20were,was%20eaten%20up%20with%20rust⁠.

Tremont Temple - ⁠https://www.nps.gov/places/tremont-temple.htm⁠

Emerson and Longfellow - ⁠https://www.massmoments.org/moment-details/charles-dickens-begins-second-american-tour.html⁠

Boston newspaper - ⁠http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/lifeofauthor/5onstage.html⁠

All nighters - ⁠http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/lifeofauthor/5onstage.html⁠

Appendix - ⁠https://www.charlesdickenspage.com/chuzzlewit-and-american-notes-appendix.html⁠