In this video lecture, we “leave no stone unturned” as we introduce both renal and bladder calculi. Also, the basics of renal mass evaluation with ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are discussed.

Topics include:

* The importance of Hounsfield unit density when describing renal calculi.

* CT and ultrasound appearance of nephrouterolithiasis and renal obstruction.

* Basic retroperitoneal fascial plane anatomy.

* Techniques to optimize stone detection with ultrasound.

* How to identify whether you are looking at a T1- or T2-weighted MRI sequence.

* Differentiating simple and hyperdense renal cysts from neoplasm with CT and MRI.

* The importance of MRI subtraction imaging.