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Radiology Lectures | Radquarters
Radiology Lectures | Radquarters episodes
- Ultrasound of Endometrial Polyps
In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of endometrial polyps!
Key teaching points include:
- Endometrial polyps are benign hyperplastic overgrowths of endometrial tissue.
- Sessile or pedunculated, can cause endometrial thickening.
- Often asymptomatic, may cause abnormal uterine bleeding or be associated with infertility.
- US appearance: Focal, echogenic, round or ovoid. Often best seen in proliferative phase of menstrual cycle (as opposed to secretory phase) due to increased contrast between echogenic polyp and hypoechoic functional layer of endometrium. May see hypoechoic halo inside margin of endometrium. Usually solid, but can have cystic changes.
- By comparison, submucosal fibroids are usually hypoechoic with posterior shadowing.
- A feeding vessel/vascular pedicle on color Doppler is 95% specific for endometrial polyp.
- Polyps can prolapse into cervix or vagina.
- Tx: Polypectomy if symptomatic.
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://usa.samsunghealthcare.com/ultrasound/general-imaging/rs85-prestige
Click the YouTube posts tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/Radquarters/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Radquarters/X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/RadquartersReddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/radiologistHQ/Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1fnqomovit3QxvS0uvPDBP?si=2142f24601014a63This video is for informational purposes only. It does not replace the advice or counsel of a doctor or health care professional.
The post Ultrasound of Endometrial Polyps appeared first on Radquarters.
7 min - Ultrasound of Gout
In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of gout!
Key teaching points include:
- Gout is a crystal arthropathy due to monosodium urate crystal deposition in and around joints
- Most common in males over age 40
- Risk factors: Metabolic (hyperuricemia, obesity, diabetes, hypertension), renal (chronic kidney disease), dietary (high purine foods, sugary drinks, alcohol), and genetic (family history)
- Typically presents as acute monoarthritis with a red, inflamed, swollen joint. First metatarsophalangeal joint most common site of involvement (podagra)
- Can progress to asymmetric polyarticular disease and chronic tophaceous gout
- Ultrasound findings include: Joint effusion +/- hyperechoic foci (crystals/microtophi), synovial hypertrophy, and erosions typically at medial aspect of distal first metatarsal
- Erosions are juxtaarticular in distribution with overhanging edges yielding a “punched-out” appearance
- Gouty tophus: Amorphous, echogenic area containing internal hyperechoic foci surrounded by an anechoic inflammatory halo. May have associated cortical erosions
- Tophi may involve tendons, tendon sheaths, and bursae. Other common sites include olecranon region (elbow), patellar and popliteal tendons (knee)
- Double contour sign, AKA urate icing: Hyperechoic monosodium urate crystals coating hyaline cartilage surface. Disappears when serum urate levels drop below 6 mg/dL*
- Distinct from chondrocalcinosis seen in calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease which will have echogenic crystals within cartilage as opposed to on surface
References:
- *Thiele RG, Schlesinger N. Ultrasonography shows disappearance of monosodium urate crystal deposition on hyaline cartilage after sustained normouricemia is achieved. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30(4):495–503
- Jacobson JA. Fundamentals of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound. 3rd ed. Elsevier; 2018
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4
Click the YouTube posts tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/Radquarters/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Radquarters/X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/RadquartersReddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/radiologistHQ/Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1fnqomovit3QxvS0uvPDBP?si=2142f24601014a63This video is for informational purposes only. It does not replace the advice or counsel of a doctor or health care professional.
The post Ultrasound of Gout appeared first on Radquarters.
9 min - Ultrasound of Choledocholithiasis (Common Bile Duct Stones)
In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of choledocholithiasis (common bile duct stones)!
Key teaching points include:
- Choledocholithiasis = Stones within common bile duct (CBD)
- Seen in up to 15% of patients with cholelithiasis
- Clinical presentation: Asymptomatic, biliary colic, cholangitis, pancreatitis, jaundice
- On ultrasound, see rounded stone or stones in CBD
- Shadowing of stone less common than with cholelithiasis, twinkling artifact may help
- CBD dilatation defined as greater than 6 mm allowing for an additional 1 mm per decade above 60, or greater than 10 mm post-cholecystectomy.
- Intrahepatic dilatation and cholelithiasis may be present
- Sensitivity of US up to 40% for detecting CBD stones, but US accuracy 90% for detecting CBD dilatation
- If US negative and high clinical suspicious for choledocholithiasis, MRCP can be considered
- CT has reduced sensitivity with only 15-20% gallstones visible on CT
- Supportive lab values: Elevated serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). AST and ALT may also be elevated, but less specific. Labs can even be normal in the setting of choledocholithiasis
- Tx may include endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraoperative cholangiogram during cholecystectomy
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4
Click the YouTube posts tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/Radquarters/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Radquarters/X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/RadquartersReddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/radiologistHQ/Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1fnqomovit3QxvS0uvPDBP?si=918edad8f340434aThis video is for informational purposes only. It does not replace the advice or counsel of a doctor or health care professional.
The post Ultrasound of Choledocholithiasis (Common Bile Duct Stones) appeared first on Radquarters.
9 min - Ultrasound of Intersection Syndrome
In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of intersection syndrome, a friction tenosynovitis at the forearm and wrist!
Key teaching points include:
- Intersection syndrome is an overuse tenosynovitis (inflammation of tendon and tendon sheath) secondary to repetitive friction at site of intersection
- Proximal intersection syndrome: Occurs at musculotendinous junctions of first extensor wrist compartment (extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus) crossing tendons of second compartment (extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus). Intersection occurs 4-8 cm proximal to Lister’s tubercle
- Results from repetitive extension/flexion activities: Rowing, skiing, racket sports, horseback riding, weight-lifting
- Clinical presentation: Radial forearm or wrist pain, worsens with extension/flexion
- Ultrasound findings: Pain with transducer pressure at intersection site, peritendinous edema and fluid
- Distal intersection syndrome: Less common, occurs at third compartment tendon (extensor pollicis longus) crossing second compartment tendons distal to Lister’s tubercle
- Tx: Rest, activity modification, splinting, anti-inflammatory medications. Corticosteroid injection or surgical release may be required if refractory
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4
Click the YouTube posts tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/462r0F2
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/Radquarters/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Radquarters/X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/RadquartersReddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/radiologistHQ/This video is for informational purposes only. It does not replace the advice or counsel of a doctor or health care professional.
The post Ultrasound of Intersection Syndrome appeared first on Radquarters.
8 min - Ultrasound of Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath
In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath!
Key teaching points include:
- AKA tenosynovial giant cell tumor, localized nodular tenosynovitis
- 2nd most common mass of hand & wrist after ganglion cyst
- Most common at volar aspect of first 3 digits. Less commonly at wrist, ankle, foot, knee
- On ultrasound, usually homogeneously hypoechoic with well-defined lobulated margins
- Closely associated with tendon, but will not move with tendon = Arises from tendon sheath, not tendon itself
- May show posterior acoustic enhancement, but internal vascular flow typically present
- Usually benign. Can be locally aggressive, rarely malignant. Tx: Surgical excision
- Fibroma of the tendon sheath has a similar ultrasound appearance and location but is less common. Benign. Tx: Surgical excision
References:
- Middleton WD, Patel V, Teefey SA, Boyer MI. Giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath: analysis of sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;183(2):337-339.
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4
Click the YouTube posts tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/462r0F2
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/Radquarters/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Radquarters/X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/RadquartersReddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/radiologistHQ/This video is for informational purposes only. It does not replace the advice or counsel of a doctor or health care professional.
The post Ultrasound of Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath appeared first on Radquarters.
7 min - Ultrasound of Submandibular Sialolithiasis (Salivary Stones)
In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound and CT appearance of submandibular stone disease, together with floor of mouth anatomy!
Key teaching points include:
- Submandibular glands are paired salivary glands located inferior to body of mandible
- Submandibular glands are intermediate in size compared to the larger parotid and smaller sublingual glands, and they do not contain lymph nodes
- The submandibular duct (= Wharton’s duct) extends from gland hilum and travels superiorly to open at floor of mouth on either side of base of frenulum of tongue. The duct is not typically seen unless abnormally dilated
- On ultrasound, normal submandibular glands appear as encapsulated structures with homogeneous echotexture similar to the parotid. Fine linear echodensities may be present representing intraglandular ductules. Physiologic intravascular flow is typically evident. Superficial portion of the gland is almond-shaped, deep portion triangular
- Sialolithiasis = Salivary calculous disease. Most common in submandibular gland because gland secretes a more alkaline, viscous saliva, and the long submandibular duct drains uphill = Increased salivary stasis
- With acute obstruction, gland becomes enlarged (= sialadenitis) and duct proximal to stone dilated. Presents with colicky pain most pronounced around times of eating
- US can detect even radiolucent stones, but small stones may not shadow
- At the floor of mouth, the submandibular space (SMS) and sublingual space (SLS) are divided by mylohyoid musculature = Inferior sling of mouth. SMS is below (inferolateral to) mylohyoid, and SLS is above (superomedial to) mylohyoid
- SMS contains: Submandibular glands, lymph nodes, anterior belly of digastric muscle
- SLS contains: Sublingual glands, submandibular duct, and anterior aspect of hyoglossus muscle
- Remember that while the submandibular glands are in the submandibular space, the submandibular duct is located in the sublingual space!
- The submandibular duct travels between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles, which are both useful sonographic landmarks aiding in duct location
References:
- Ching AS, Ahuja AT. High-resolution sonography of the submandibular space: anatomy and abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002 Sep;179(3):703-8.
- Grewal JS, Jamal Z, Ryan J. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Submandibular Gland. [Updated 2022 Dec 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-.
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4
Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/462r0F2
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/Radquarters/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Radquarters/X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/RadquartersReddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/radiologistHQ/The post Ultrasound of Submandibular Sialolithiasis (Salivary Stones) appeared first on Radquarters.
10 min - Ultrasound of Trigger Finger (Stenosing Tenosynovitis)
In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of trigger finger!
Key teaching points include:
- Pulleys are fibrous retinacula on ventral finger that secure flexor tendons to phalanges preventing tendon displacement and bowstringing with finger flexion
- Finger has 5 annular pulleys. Odd-numbered at joints, even-numbered at phalanges: A1, A3, A5 are located about the MCP, PIP, DIP joints, respectively. A2 is located at the proximal phalanx, and A4 at the middle phalanx
- Cruciform pulleys lie between annular pulleys, but are not usually well-seen on ultrasound
- Trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, is characterized by impaired flexor tendon movement due to thickened pulley leading to tendon constriction
- Most common at A1 pulley, but can also occur at A2/A3 pulleys, palmar aponeurosis (A0) and wrist
- Symptoms: Triggering/locking when flexed, painful snapping when extended, pain, joint stiffness
- Most common in female patients, history of diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis
- Often idiopathic, can occur with repetitive microinjury (flexion-extension). Can also be post-traumatic or due to compressive mass/cyst
- Tx: Splinting, NSAIDs, US-guided corticosteroid injection, surgical release
- A1 pulley thickness cutoff = 0.62 mm*. Mean normal thickness = 0.5 mm, range with trigger finger 1.1-2.9 mm**. Comparison with asymptomatic side helpful
- Additional findings: Pulley hyperemia, nodular tendon thickening (tendinosis) or tear, buckling of flexor tendon on dynamic imaging, “dark tendon” sign (anisotropic hypoechogenicity due to tendon constriction), synovial sheath effusion (acute), and peri-pulley cyst/cystic degeneration
References:
- *Spirig A, Juon B, Banz Y, Rieben R, Vogelin E. Correlation between sonographic and in vivo measurement of A1 pulleys in trigger fingers. Ultrasound Med Biol 2016; 42:1482–1490.
- **Guerini H, Pessis E, Theumann N, Le Quintrec JS, Campagna R, Chevrot A, Feydy A, Drapé JL. Sonographic appearance of trigger fingers. J Ultrasound Med. 2008 Oct;27(10):1407-13.
- Bianchi S, Gitto S, Draghi F. Ultrasound Features of Trigger Finger: Review of the Literature. J Ultrasound Med. 2019 Dec;38(12):3141-3154.
- Shohda E, Sheta RA. Misconceptions about trigger finger: a scoping review. Definition, pathophysiology, site of lesion, etiology. Trigger finger solving a maze. Adv Rheumatol. 2024 Jul 11;64(1):53.
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4
Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!
Website: https://Radquarters.com/
Spotify Video Podcast: https://spoti.fi/462r0F2Apple Video Podcast: https://apple.co/3ZhHuGuInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/Radquarters/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Radquarters/X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/RadquartersReddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/radiologistHQ/The post Ultrasound of Trigger Finger (Stenosing Tenosynovitis) appeared first on Radquarters.
12 min - Ultrasound of Hydrosalpinx, Pyosalpinx & Tubo-ovarian Abscess
Ultrasound of Hydrosalpinx, Pyosalpinx & Tubo-ovarian Abscess
In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx and tubo-ovarian abscess!
Key teaching points include:
- Hydrosalpinx = Fluid-filled, blocked fallopian tube
- Hydrosalpinx causes: Pelvic inflammatory disease (most common), endometriosis, prior surgery, adhesions
- Hydrosalpinx US: Thin-walled, tubular structure filled with anechoic simple fluid. Dilated tube may fold upon itself forming tubular C-shaped or S-shaped cystic mass. Incomplete septations common
- With chronic hydrosalpinx, may see “beads-on-a-string” sign: Short, round, 2-3 mm projections seen along inner tubal walls in cross section = Flattened, fibrotic remnants of endosalpingeal folds. Don’t confuse with solid mural nodules
- O-RADS US v2022 management of hydrosalpinx = Imaging: None. Clinical: Gynecologist
- Pyosalpinx: Inflamed, blocked fallopian tube filled with purulent debris. Indicates pelvic inflammatory disease
- Pyosalpinx US: Thick-walled tubal structure filled with complex fluid. Like hydrosalpinx, typically conforms to a C or S-shape
- “Cogwheel” sign of pyosalpinx: Thickened endosalpingeal folds with surrounding tubal wall thickening. Typical of acute tubal inflammation
- Tubal wall hyperemia more common with pyosalpinx than hydrosalpinx
- Tubo-ovarian complex (TOC): With severe salpingo-oophoritis, ovary and tube adhere to each other. Can distinctly identify ovary from tube but cannot separate the two with transducer pressure. Tx: Antibiotics
- Tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA): As pelvic inflammatory disease progresses, complete or near-complete loss of adnexal architecture with pockets of purulent fluid develop. Multiloculated mass with septations, irregular margins, may be bilateral. Tx: Antibiotics, percutaneous drainage, surgery
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4
Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/462r0F2
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/Radquarters/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Radquarters/X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/RadquartersReddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/radiologistHQ/The post Ultrasound of Hydrosalpinx, Pyosalpinx & Tubo-ovarian Abscess appeared first on Radquarters.
12 min - Ultrasound of Gallbladder Adenomyomatosis
In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder!
Key teaching points include:
- Common cause of benign gallbladder wall thickening seen in up to 9% of patients
- Incidence increases with age
- Usually asymptomatic, but may be associated with sporadic RUQ pain
- Hyperplastic changes of gallbladder wall with mucosal overgrowth. Mucosal herniations protrude into muscular layer forming tiny, bile-filled cystic spaces = Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
- If large, sinuses may appear as discrete cystic spaces in gallbladder wall
- Cholesterol crystals in sinuses cause comet-tail reverberation artifact: Most common finding and highly specific for adenomyomatosis. Can exaggerate comet-tail with addition of color Doppler
- Three types: Focal/fundal, segmental/annular and diffuse. Regardless of type, comet-tail artifacts and/or cystic spaces are key to diagnosis
- Focal/fundal type: Most common. Often exhibits an “ovary on the gallbladder” appearance. Can be confused with a gallbladder mass. High-frequency linear transducer may be helpful to identify morphology
- Segmental/annular type: Narrows waist of gallbladder yielding a figure 8 or hourglass configuration. Gallstones and/or sludge often form in proximal lumen due to increased stasis
- If necessary, MRI helpful for problem solving: T2 hyperintense pearl necklace/string of beads appearance sensitive and specific
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4
Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/462r0F2
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/Radquarters/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Radquarters/X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/RadquartersReddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/radiologistHQ/The post Ultrasound of Gallbladder Adenomyomatosis appeared first on Radquarters.
9 min - Ultrasound of de Quervain’s Tenosynovitis
In this radiology lecture, we review the ultrasound appearance of de Quervain’s Tenosynovitis!
Key teaching points include:
- Stenosing tenosynovitis of first extensor compartment tendons = Extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL)
- Second most common hand entrapment tendinopathy after trigger finger
- Most common in middle-aged females
- Associations include repetitive hand motions, pregnancy, arthritis, and trauma
- Clinical presentation: Pain with thumb and wrist movement, tenderness and swelling at radial styloid
- Positive Finkelstein maneuver may be present: Grasp thumb, ulnar deviate hand = Pain over distal radius
- Ultrasound findings: Increased fluid in EPB/APL tendon sheath (tenosynovitis), hypoechoic, edematous tendon thickening (tendinosis), and thickening of extensor retinaculum (comparison scanning of contralateral thumb helpful)
- Advanced findings: Impaired tendon movement, tendon tear (anechoic clefts), retinacular and peritendinous hyperemia
- Don’t confuse normal APL slips with longitudinal tear (“lotus root” sign)
- Important to identify variant intertendinous septa: Helps to properly guide steroid injection, increased incidence of asymmetric EPB involvement
- If conservative therapy fails, surgical decompression may be required. More likely when septum present
To learn more about the Samsung RS85 Prestige ultrasound system, please visit: https://www.bostonimaging.com/rs85-prestige-ultrasound-system-4
Click the YouTube Community tab or follow on social media for bonus teaching material posted throughout the week!
Spotify: https://spoti.fi/462r0F2
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/Radquarters/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Radquarters/X (Twitter): https://twitter.com/RadquartersReddit: https://www.reddit.com/user/radiologistHQ/The post Ultrasound of de Quervain’s Tenosynovitis appeared first on Radquarters.
9 min
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