Investment Terms

The price-to-rent ratio is the ratio of home prices to annualized rent in a given location. This ratio is used as a benchmark for estimating whether it's cheaper to rent or own property.
The price-to-rent ratio is used as an indicator for whether housing markets are fairly valued, or in a bubble.
The price-to-rent ratio is used as an indicator of whether housing markets are fairly valued, or in a bubble. The dramatic increase in the ratio leading up to the 2008-2009 housing market crash was, with hindsight, a red flag for the housing bubble.

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The Value Line Composite Index is a stock index containing approximately 1,700 companies from the NYSE, American Stock Exchange, Nasdaq, Toronto, and over-the-counter markets.
The Value Line Composite Index has two forms: The Value Line Geometric Composite Index (the original equally weighted index) and the Value Line Arithmetic Composite Index (an index that mirrors changes if a portfolio held equal amounts of stock.)
These indexes are typically published in the Value Line Investment Survey, created by Arnold Bernhard, the founder, and CEO of Value Line Inc.
The Value Line where the index receives its namesake refers to a multiple of cash flow that Bernhard would superimpose over a price chart to normalize the value of different companies. Value Line is one of the most respected investment research firms. Its performance record has been extremely strong. In fact, the firm's model portfolios have generally beat the market over the long run.
The Value Line Composite Index is composed of the same companies as The Value Line Investment Survey, excluding closed-end funds

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Decentralized applications (dApps) are digital applications or programs that exist and run on a blockchain or peer-to-peer network of computers instead of a single computer.
DApps are outside the purview and control of a single authority. DApps—which are often built on the Ethereum platform—can be developed for a variety of purposes including gaming, finance, and social media.
A standard web app, such as Uber or Twitter, runs on a computer system that is owned and operated by an organization, giving it full authority over the app and its workings. There may be multiple users on one side, but the backend is controlled by a single organization.

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The Internal Revenue Service offers tax credits to owners and manufacturers of certain plug-in electric drive motor vehicles, including passenger vehicles, light trucks, and two-wheeled vehicles.
Taxpayers who own vehicles that qualify may file Form 8936 with their income taxes to claim the tax credit.
Form 8936 is an IRS form for claiming the Qualified Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit on an individual’s tax return.
Taxpayers may use Form 8936, provided the new plug-in electric vehicle that they purchase meets certain eligibility requirements.

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Carbon credits, also known as carbon offsets, are permits that allow the owner to emit a certain amount of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases.
One credit permits the emission of one ton of carbon dioxide or the equivalent of other greenhouse gases.
Companies that pollute are awarded credits that allow them to continue to pollute up to a certain limit, which is reduced periodically.
Meanwhile, the company may sell any unneeded credits to another company that needs them.
Proponents of the carbon credit system say that it leads to measurable, verifiable emission reductions from certified climate action projects and that these projects reduce, remove or avoid greenhouse gas emissions.

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Series 63 is a securities exam and license entitling the holder to solicit orders for any type of security in a particular state. To obtain a Series 63 license, the applicant must pass an exam and possess knowledge of ethical practices and fiduciary obligations.
Applicants to the Series 63 license must pass an exam and possess knowledge of ethical practices and fiduciary obligations.
Most U.S. states require all potential registered representatives to pass the exam, which covers the principles of state securities regulations and rules prohibiting dishonest or unethical practices.
Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, Ohio, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico do not require Series 63.

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A thrift savings plan is a type of retirement investment program open only to federal employees and members of the uniformed services, including the Ready Reserve.
It is a defined-contribution plan that offers federal employees many of the same benefits that are available to workers in the private sector.
TSP benefits can include automatic payroll contributions and agency-matching contributions. Participants can choose to make tax-deferred contributions into a traditional TSP, which means the money that flows into the account will not be taxed until it is withdrawn.
Employees new to federal employment can roll over 401(k) and individual retirement account assets into a TSP and vice versa if they move to the private sector.

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Life insurance is a contract between an insurer and a policy owner. A life insurance policy guarantees the insurer pays a sum of money to named beneficiaries when the insured dies in exchange for the premiums paid by the policyholder during their lifetime.
The life insurance application must accurately disclose the insured’s past and current health conditions and high-risk activities to enforce the contract.
Life insurance is a legally binding contract that pays a death benefit to the policy owner when the insured dies.
For a life insurance policy to remain in force, the policyholder must pay a single premium upfront or pay regular premiums over time.
When the insured dies, the policy’s named beneficiaries will receive the policy’s face value, or death benefit.
Term life insurance policies expire after a certain number of years. Permanent life insurance policies remain active until the insured dies, stops paying premiums, or surrenders the policy.

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WorldCom was not just the biggest accounting scandal in the history of the United States—it was also one of the biggest bankruptcies of all time.
The revelation that telecommunications giant WorldCom had cooked its books came on the heels of the Enron and Tyco frauds, which had rocked the financial markets.
WorldCom has become a byword for accounting fraud and a warning to investors that when things seem too good to be true, they just might be.
Its CEO, Bernie Ebbers—a larger-than-life figure whose trademark was cowboy boots and a ten-gallon hat—had built the company into one of America’s leading long-distance phone companies by acquiring other telecom companies.

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Zero-rated goods, in countries that use value-added tax (VAT), are products that are exempt from that value taxation.
Zero-rated goods are products that are exempt from value-added taxation (VAT).
Countries designate products as zero-rated because they are leading contributors to other manufactured goods and a significant component of a broader supply chain.
Often, goods and services that are zero-rated are those that are considered necessary, such as food items, sanitary products, and animal feeds.
Examples of zero-rated goods include certain foods and beverages, exported goods, equipment for the disabled, prescription medications, water, and sewage services.

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