Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, first of all, I will summarize the most important points as methods to prolong drug action at site of administration, In these points, one new point is altered molecular structure can prolong effect of drug like various benzodiazepines and last new point discussed in detail today is Pharmaceutical formulations, under this head I will talk first about Sustained release preparations and i.e. oral ones, this talk will become quite interesting with a whole lot of new wonderful examples without which the topic loses its zest, then I will be conversing about Depot injectable preparations, these are reliable formulations, then in hem medication can be given over long intervals, so these preparations are pharmaceutical variants, then I will again decorate this discussion point with apt examples. Their greatest advantage is infrequent administration and better patient adherence. Then last point of discussion for today will be target drug delivery system, Firstly giving their importance and need, I will start of with their types like Liposomes which are unilamellar or bilamellar nano vesicles produced by sonication , taken up by reticuloendothelial cells. Next I want to talk about is drug releasing implants, under which I will discuss most important two famous examples which are so much common and much in vogue, with this I will call it for the day, till next one, do follow me here, rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will carry on my conversations about Prolongation of drug action, first method for the Wonderful Wednesday is Parenteral route of drug administration, subcutaneous and intramuscular injection of drug in insoluble form, as oily solutions, pellet administration, etc.Next route of administration is transdermal drug delivery system, in which drug is impregnated in adhesive patches. Then, next important method or route is binding of drug congener to plasma protein, after that drug is released in active form. Next important method is to  retard the rate of metabolism, minute changes in chemical structure make marked changes in metabolism, another way by inhibition of specific enzymes by one drug which prolongs action of another drug and last but not the least retard the renal excretion, Well, all these methods are examplified classically and aptly, so that's all folks! Till next episode, do follow me here, stay tuned, rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! In today's episode, I will talk about prolongation of drug action, what are more of its benefits, today the first I will converse is that by prolonging drug action, it can be used in a way as to not to disturb the sleep of a person especially antiasthmatics etc.But whether the prolongation of drug action is always required is a point of debate, because its actually not needed when short lived action of drug is needed or drugs having long duration of action. Controlled release formulation are useful when t1/2 of drug is less than 4 hours, its of no need if t1/2 is more than 12 hours. Different methods are employed to prolong the drug action, first one is to have prolonged absorption at site of drug administration. In case of oral route of drug administration, a lot many materials in special dosage. forms can be used in oral route , best is controlled release tablet or capsule, it utilises semi permeable membrane to release drug, in about 4-8 hours prolongation of drug action, the drug afterwards reaches colon. But no prolongation of action beyond 4-8 hours. Then I will call it for a day with descriptive diagram of action and mode of drug release via semi permeable membrane in a controlled release drug dosage form. hat's enough for today, till next episode, do keep all the information bytes intact in memory, not to be forgotten at all, do follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will talk about some leftover pieces to rejoice from yesterday's discussions and add a a spice of new novel topic namely prolongation of Drug Action. Well I will break the ice with the different situations when plasma drug concentration monitoring is all in vain when firstly, the drug response can be easily measurable, secondly, when drugs are activated in the body, thirdly, for "Hit & Run Drugs", lastly , drugs with irreversible action . Then along with some great examples to accompany all these points of discussion, I will start with t he topic of the day i.e. Prolongation Of Drug Action. Well, firstly I will try to explain the basic concept by describing the benefits obtained duet to prolongation of drug action, they are firstly, the frequency of drug administration is reduced. secondly, it improves patient compliance and there are less chances to forget drug dose and derive maximum benefit of your investment in medication. Lastly for the day, prolongation of drug action helps to avoid large fluctuations in plasma drug concentration of a drug and there is a better round the clock monitoring and control of various parameters like measuring blood sugar level, and blood pressure!Well, that's all for the start of a new week, some new topic and examples to ponder over and turn up your curiosity level to the next, till further conversations, do follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes , Apple podcasts, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will be keeping my talk quite short, crispy and limited to the teaser I gave yesterday, and it says the topic of the day is Purpose of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, yes in this, first I will talk about purpose of dose adjustment, which is specially when drug acts continuously,  in long acting drugs, there trough steady state plasma concentrations are taken, which are just before the next dose, its governed by both volume of distribution and clearance,  while in case of short acting drugs that achieve therapeutic peaks only intermittently, immediate post absorptive phase is sought after to monitor plasma concentration, as then there are attained peak values, it is generally 1-2 hours after oral or intramuscular dose administration. Second important purpose of TDM is in case of poisoning, where it tells about whether poisoning has occurred or not and also about degree of seriousness, so blood sample should be taken at the earliest, TDM is repeated to estimate drug clearance and whether there is need to hasten elimination, i.e. heamodialysis. Thirdly, to check patient compliance, for that random sampling can be done and its quite informative, that's all for the week end , till we start a new week, do follow me here, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay safe , stay tuned, Have a great Sunday , thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will continue the topic from day before yesterday i.e. Monitoring of plasma concentration of drug, after successfully and completely being done with descriptions of Loading dose and Maintenance dose, so today's exact topic of the day is "Therapeutic Drug Monitoring", so under this head, first I will comment on the knowledge as to which drugs actually require and need this particular concept to be applied on with proper examples and reasons. First one is drugs with low margin of safety i.e. digoxin, anticonvulsants, etc.secondly, TDM is important when individual variations are very large in case of lithium, etc. Next its needed when drugs are toxic and used in renal failure, i.e. aminoglycosides. Next are the drugs which fail without apparent reason, i.e. antimicrobials. Lastly TDM is important for monitoring plasma concentration of drug in poisonings and when you have to check the patient compliance. These are all the major reasons to conduct TDM  and I will be discussing them nicely in today's episode. Then I will do a sneak peek in today's session on more fact related to Therapeutic drug monitoring that the selection of interval between administration of drug and drawing of blood sample for TDM depends on different purposes of TDM and nature of drugs. That's all folks! Till next episode and more TDM fact file disclosure, do follow me here, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, thank you!!

Welcome to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode , after quoting a perfect starting note and word for Friday, I will be jumping directly in today's topic which is few important facts about Loading Dose, first one being that in case Chloroquine, a drug used for malaria, for it what is need of using a loading dose, I will give the answer that using a loading dose for Chloroquine is important and justified because it has a very long t1/2, and secondly it has a cumulative tendency in Liver, this delays the achievement of desired effect. Second important fact I will explain with the example of a drug with quite short half life like Lignocaine, in this case, loading dose helps by avoiding delays in management of cardiac arrhythmias in emergency situations. Thirdly, with example of antimicrobials and antibiotics to avoid development of antimicrobial resistance, loading dose helps to keep the concentration of these drugs above Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. So like this, I will be talking about few important concepts related to Loading dose . These all apply to normal, healthy people, in case of renal complications, we need to do some changes in the dose by calculating through a different formula, Corrected dose=Normal dose X {Patient's creatinine clearance/Normal Creatinine clearance(100ml per mon)}. Then utter care and observance needs to be taken care of in case of elderly patients where formulas are just written text materials and reality is based on senile changes and clinical evaluations and observations.With all these commendable discussions and clear explanations , I will wind up today's podcast and yes till tomorrow's episode do follow me here, You can comment on podchaser too, rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned,  thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode I will break the ice of discussion with the definition of Loading Dose, its actually few quick  doses given to quickly achieve steady state plasma concentration, which is formulated as Loading dose= (Target Cp X V)/F, we get to know that loading dose depends only on volume of distribution and not on Clearance. On the other hand, maintenance dose is the one which is repeated later at specified intervals after attainment of steady state plasma concentration, and it also balances elimination. This dose is governed by Clearance and plasma t1/2. Now I will tell the advantage of this two phase dosing, it is to achieve rapid target level dose with long term safety, then I will you give you list of drugs on which this concept is applied. Apart from emergency situations, this concept is applied for short half life drugs and also for drugs administered intravenously.Next I will talk about monitoring of plasma concentration of drug, in such a case when variation in dose is much from that calculated from population data, then Revised dose rate= (previous dose rate X target Cpss)/Measured Cpss, That's all for today, more information to be lingered on tomorrow till then , do follow me here, rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, with a beautiful thought of the Wednesday, with a great advise to let bygones be bygones, I will mark the beginning of today's episode with a new case of a drug having half life more than 24 hrs, in such a case, its a great idea to give dose of drug , that would save the complications of drug accumulation and development of lot of unwanted effects. The parameters needed the exact amount of drug leaving the body in 24 hours is drug, dose interval and plasma half life.Then another case I would like to talk about is when the plasma half life is less than 3 hours, though I have already discussed the case when dose of drug is very short as its 2 minutes in case of Dopamine, then best idea is to give drug administration as continuous intravenous infusion, in case drug has half life of 90 min, as in lidocaine, then amount of drug equal to priming dose is given as intravenous bolus followed by constant infusion. Another thing I will talk of is intermittent administration of drug with short half life is only acceptable when drug has large safety margin, a good example to discuss here is benzylpenicillin, these new cases and few add ons to old ones, all discussion will bring down the curtain of today's episode, till new topic for tomorrow, do follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will talk about Dosing Schedules Basic concepts further and I will tell you in yesterday's episode continuation that if the plasma half life is about 24 hrs then if the clinical condition of the patient is not an emergency then it is no big deal to follow the drug pace to achieve steady state plasma concentration as in case of anxiety, depression etc but it is not practically acceptable situation as in case of clinical emergencies like congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation or hyperpyrexia in malaria, in such cases it is desirable to find another way to administer drugs. Then for this purpose , I will be narrating the objectives of dosing schedules, first of which is to specify the initial dose which we can take higher than maintainance dose in order to achieve steady state plasma concentration fast, this is the loading or Priming dose, I will give you the definition of his too. Second objective is to specify the maintainance dose . This depends on plasma half life of drug itself, many cases have been already discussed and explained but few important still needs to be talked about, so be patient till I return back tomorrow, till then, do follow me here, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned, thank you!!