Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will be talking about Tubular secretion process, an important one of the renal excretion. This is a bidirectional process and is energy dependent carrier mediated active transport.It has two aspects, OAT and OCT, one for acidic drugs and the other for basic drugs.There are few special characteristics of the Tubular secretion process, its independent of plasma protein binding, and the explanation is nicely explained in the episode, then next is thats its a carrier mediated process, its relatively non selective hence a good competition occurs when more than one drug are involved, this leads to few important and significant drug interactions, all are explained nicely with examples, hence its crystal clear. All the examples are quite significant clinically, hence they form an important aspect of study. With these important features and explanations, all in detail, I will call to halt today's episode, hope you all liked it, till next episode, do follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will cover the second important process of renal excretion which we all call Tubular Reabsorption, which is in fact a process of passive diffusion which depends on lipid solubility , ionisation constant of drug and on pH of urine. If pH is acidic, acidic drugs being non ionised are reabsorbed more than excreted, Opposite is also true if pH is alkalinised. Weakly basic drugs are excreted in acidic urine due to high ionisation and accordingly the concept is used as per requirement whether to enhance or retard reabsorption of drugs. Strongly acidic and basic drugs are ionised at all pH ranges and hence are primarily excreted. I will derive a beautiful equation with this concept. Next I will be telling about clinical applications of this concept to hasten excretion of drug in any of the drug poisoning, by either acidifying or alkalinising drugs in weak basic and weak acid drug poisoning respectively. Thats the real crux and essence of this process of tubular reabsorption, for the important details, you really need to lend your ears to my audio file for sometime peacefully and happily, hope you like today's endeavour, till next episode, do follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, Thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will starting with a brand new aspect of routes of drug elimination and its the introduction to renal excretion. In this firstly, I will tell you that only free drugs like frusemide, digoxin whether lipid soluble or insoluble are eliminated via kidney. Kidney is most important organ of elimination of drugs. This elimination of drugs is governed by three key main processes- namely glomerular filteration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. The equation of net renal excretion is equal to sum of glomerular filteration plus tubular secretion and the sum obtained subtracts the tubular reabsorption, what we get is net renal excretion. Then I will give the description of Glomerular filteration, it gnerally depends on three main factors like molecular weight of drug, plasma protein binding and renal blood flow which in some way or the other may either facilitate or limit this process. With apt examples to compliment the description, I will wind up today's episode at this point, hope you all liked it, for further notes on more related processes, wait till next episodes, do follow me here, stay tuned, please rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcast, Good day to all, Thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode I will be discussing again routes of drug elimination, especially the minor one like excretion through sweat and saliva, although these are minor routes, but because the information covered is rare and unique hence its very important and full of knowledge, drugs like rifampin, griseofulvin, arsenic, iodides, lithium, phenytoin are secreted through saliva, hair, sweat, keratin, etc. and one of the most wonderful fact is accompanied along with the excretion through saliva, which will be revealed only when you listen to today;s episode. I just want to convey a great amazing message today that even minor routes of drug elimination hold great importance as far as learning is concerned, these important points are not to be taken lightly, but to be heard with great patience and perseverance and keen interest, because that will harbinger a new season of enlightenment, so hope you all enjoyed today's crisp bite of information, for more of such small yet amazing audio chunks, do follow me here, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode I will be talking about the elimination or excretion of drug via breast milk, in this firstly, I will be discussing the basic concept that milk is acidic compared to mothers plasma , hence ion trapping occurs for basic drugs, then I will be clearing the point that more lipid soluble drugs cross the mammary epithelium better, then I will be giving a long list of different drug groups and the respective drugs, their features, benefits, adverse effects, etc. Then I will again cover few of the important concepts about drug transfer in milk and alongside all the points will be cleared with relevant and apt examples, hence this will be a great gracious discussion on this route of drug elimination, no other route to discuss today, rest all postponed till next episode, do follow me here, do rate and review on ITunes Apple podcasts, stay tuned, thank you!!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, I will talk about some new different situations, conditions and twists of information about Biliary excretion, and it is also know as Enterohepatic circulation, first of all, starting off with common examples of drugs undergoing enterohepatic circulation, I will be stating the most unique and important definition of ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION, which actually tells the whole process too ! Then first new condition is given by example of digitoxin converting to digoxin, other examples partly excreted as free form are vitamin d3, then another new situation is of glucuronides, which after hydrolysis release free active parent drug which is reabsorbed , then undergo the enterohepatic circulation, then lastly I will telling you about need of avoiding enterohepatic circulation in case of morphine which may become toxic and longer acting, and this needs to be reduced or totally avoided, with all such wonderful and amazing facts about enterohepatic circulation, hope you all had a great Sunday, Have a great week new afresh beginning, waving you all byee, do follow me here, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned, thank you!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode I will be opening a new gift box of topic of the day and i is known as ROUTES OF DRUG ELIMINATION or How the drugs are eliminated. In this first I will list all the major routes like renal, feacal, alveolar, etc and also minor routes like sweat, hair,  milk, saliva, etc. Starting the discussion with Alveolar elimination route i.e. the exhaled air. I will be narrating many important facts as to volatile drugs like general anaesthetics, alcohols, nitrous oxide, ether are eliminated irrespective of their lipid solubility. This depends rather on the partial pressure of drug in blood, lungs extrude any foreign particulate matter. Second in discussion is feacal elimination, liver transports into bile via organic acids, organic bases, etc. Then, drugs with mol wt more than 300 follow this route, reabsorption of drug leads to enterohepatic cycling, due to which drug stays longer in body, leftover drug is excreted in feaces, then I will be giving you some important examples, and some more extra things to tell, finally pulling today's curtains down, do follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, Have a great, happy Weekend! Thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode I will be focussing on task completion which personifies excellence, hence one should finish it strong, with this determination, I will be starting today's topic with the first factor of the day i.e. genetic variation , under which i will be covering famous examples of succinylcholinesterase enzyme, fast and slow acetylation , etc, next important factor isNutrition and diet, under which I will be discussing about benefits of high protein low carb diet, how it accelerates metabolism and how enzyme inhibition occurs due to starvation. Next important factor to talk about is few diseases like hepatic cirrhosis, cancer and different states of thyroid like hypo and hyper thyroidism and finally I will be discussing how drug to drug interactions affect drug metabolism through enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition., hence with this factor I will be pulling the curtains down for this episode, promising to reopen again tomorrow with a new discussion in my hand, till then, do follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcast, Happy Thursday, thank you!!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode I will be talking to you about the new head of discussion, the different factors affecting drug metabolism , and guess what, Age being the first one in list, in this I will be giving two solid examples like the "Grey baby syndrome" from chloramphenicol drug and secondly, in elderly people what happens when metabolism slows down, and drugs are predisposed to more of toxicity. Next in list I have for you all is Sex factor where I will be giving examples of animal species, few differences in male and female rats and then next is Species, in this too examples are animal oriented, quite rare in humans, next factor to affect drug metabolism is the Race, which again will be cleared with a help of a perfect example about metabolism of alcohol, so these were the today's four important factors that really make a prominent effect on drug metabolism, that's all folks! till next episode to cover left over factors, do follow me here, stay tuned, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, Happy Wednesday!! Thank you!

Welcome all to IS PHARMACOLOGY DIFFICULT Podcast ! I am Dr Radhika Vijay, in today's episode, with a great quote from a great traveller, we will break today's ice with a brand new topic quite different from what we have doing in the past, and lo!  Its known as First pass metabolism also called as Presystemic metabolism. Firstly after defining first pass metabolism, I will be listing the routes of drug administration that surpass the first pass metabolism, then I will be explaining the concept of Extraction ratio of liver, in detail with the help of an equation and then in turn I will be deriving an equation of Bioavailability fro the former concept, Then I will be throwing some light on important attributes of this presystemic metabolism in around all in all 4 to 5 bullet points, and the concluding part of episode will be made up with a beautiful table under three major heads listing drugs having low, intermediate and high first pass metabolism and their most important examples.Hope you all like it, till next episode, do follow me here, do rate and review on ITunes, Apple podcasts, stay tuned thank you!!