The moment when the belief that the United States was immune to class conflict was shattered.

In July 1877, railroad workers across the United States stopped work. What began as a wage dispute in a small rail town in West Virginia quickly became the largest labor uprising in American history. Trains sat idle, freight yards were occupied, and entire cities ground to a halt.

In Chicago, unemployed workers, socialists, labor organizers, and immigrant communities joined a movement that seemed capable of bringing the nation’s economy to a standstill.

In response, business leaders armed private militias, police opened fire on crowds, and federal troops occupied American cities. The violence of 1877 exposed deep divisions between labor and capital and helped lay the foundations of both the modern labor movement and American anarchism.

In this episode, we follow the strike from the rail yards of Martinsburg to the streets of Chicago, where Albert and Lucy Parsons first encountered the movement that would transform their lives and American history.

This is Season Two—The Age of Anarchism: Chicago and the American Labor Revolt

Next: What is Unionism? Building Power From Below

Written and produced by Matt Payne.

Support, Subscribe, Read on Substack: https://ismhistorypodcast.substack.com/

Original Musical Compositions by Ian Payne: https://www.jamesianpayne.com/

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Anarchism emerged not simply as a theory, but as a response to hunger, repression, industrial capitalism, and the growing power of the modern state.

In this opening episode of Season 2, we trace anarchism's roots in the late nineteenth century, from the aftermath of the Paris Commune to the labor struggles of industrial Chicago.

Through figures like Louise Michel, Lucy Parsons, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin, and Peter Kropotkin, we explore how anarchism evolved from a critique of authority into a mass movement rooted in strikes, unions, and collective action.

Along the way, we examine the origins of the black flag, the rise of anarcho-syndicalism and anarchist communism, and the radical vision that inspired workers across the globe to imagine a world beyond capitalism and the state.

This is the story of anarchism’s great refusal.

This is Season Two—The Age of Anarchism: Chicago and the American Labor Revolt

Next: Chicago 1877: The Great Railroad Strike

Written and produced by Matt Payne.

Support, Subscribe, Read on Substack: https://ismhistorypodcast.substack.com/

Original Musical Compositions by Ian Payne: https://www.jamesianpayne.com/

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In the wake of John Brown’s raid, Henry David Thoreau delivered one of the most forceful defenses of moral action in American history. While much of the North recoiled after Harpers Ferry, Thoreau stood up in Concord and defended Brown as a man of principle, willing to act where others would only speak.

What follows is a reading of Thoreau’s A Plea for Captain John Brown, one of the clearest expressions of the idea that when a government becomes unjust, the individual conscience may stand above it.

This episode serves as a bridge into Season 2 of ISM: The Age of Anarchism and the American Labor Revolt, where these same questions about conscience, resistance, violence, and legitimacy will reappear in new and more collective forms.

Next: Season Two — The Age of Anarchism: Chicago and the American Labor Revolt

Written and produced by Matt Payne.

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Original Musical Compositions by Ian Payne: https://www.jamesianpayne.com/

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In October of 1859, a small band of abolitionists led by John Brown seized the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Their goal was simple but audacious: to ignite a mass slave uprising and bring an end to slavery by force.

Within 36 hours, the raid had collapsed. Brown’s men were killed, captured, or scattered. Brown himself was wounded, arrested, and sentenced to hang. But Harpers Ferry was never just a failed insurrection.

In the aftermath of the raid, something shifted. Across the North, Brown was transformed from criminal to martyr. Across the South, his actions ignited fear, mobilization, and a growing sense that war was no longer avoidable. The illusion that slavery could be contained, or compromised with, began to dissolve.

This episode traces the rise and fall of John Brown: from the violent struggles of Bleeding Kansas, to the quiet planning of his final campaign, to the last stand at the Engine House, and the trial that turned him into a national symbol.

But more than that, it asks a deeper question: What happens when a political problem becomes a moral one?

And what happens when a nation begins to believe that justice may require violence?

From Harpers Ferry to the Civil War, and beyond, this is the story of how one man’s radical act helped transform the moral language of the United States and how that transformation would echo far beyond the abolition of slavery.

Because the questions raised at Harpers Ferry did not end in 1865. They moved.

This is an ISM Interlude on John Brown and the American Radical Tradition.

Next: Thoreau’s Plea for John Brown — Conscience Against the State

Written and produced by Matt Payne.

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Original Musical Compositions by Ian Payne: https://www.jamesianpayne.com/

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What began as a family quarrel within socialism would become a permanent schism that would shape every revolution that followed.

When sailors at Kronstadt rose to demand “All power to the soviets, not the parties,” they believed they were defending the true legacy of 1917. Instead, they were crushed by the Red Army on the frozen ice of the Gulf of Finland, exactly fifty years after the Paris Commune had first been declared. For many revolutionaries watching in horror, Kronstadt marked the moment when the promise of socialism hardened into one-party rule.

This episode traces the long road to that rupture.

From the ashes of the Paris Commune to the collapse of the First International, socialism’s first generation wrestled with a question that would define the modern left: Can the state be used to liberate the working class? Or must it be abolished altogether? Through the ideas and conflicts of Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakunin, and through the lived experiences of figures like Louise Michel, Emma Goldman, and Alexander Berkman, we follow how a shared revolutionary tradition fractured into two opposing visions.

Marx and his allies argued that capitalism’s centralized power could only be defeated by an organized, disciplined workers’ movement capable of seizing the state and transforming it from within. Bakunin and the anarchists insisted that power itself was the enemy—that any revolutionary state would inevitably reproduce domination, hierarchy, and terror. These disagreements, once theoretical, were forged into doctrine by defeat, exile, and bloodshed.

From The Hague Congress of 1872 to the repression of Kronstadt in 1921, and from the Bolshevik victory in Petrograd to the anarchist collectives of Spain, this episode follows the hardening of that divide and the human costs on both sides.

The question of the state was never settled. But its consequences would carry across centuries and continents.

This is Season One—The Origins of Socialism: Paris and the Making of Modern Revolution

Next: Season Two—The Age of Anarchism: Chicago and the American Labor Revolt

Written and produced by Matt Payne.

Original Musical score by Ian Payne.

Support, Subscribe, Read on Substack: https://ismhistorypodcast.substack.com/

Original Musical Compositions by Ian Payne: https://www.jamesianpayne.com/

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Contact: [email protected]

For 72 days, the Paris Commune turned the capital into a living experiment in working-class democracy.

Parks opened, palaces became public space, newspapers and clubs exploded with debate, and a wave of reforms tried to remake daily life from the ground up: secular schools, cooperative workshops, equal pay in the National Guard, and a new vision of the “social republic.” But outside the city walls, Versailles gathered an army, and the dream of peaceful federation gave way to civil war.

Inside the Hôtel de Ville, the Commune’s contradictions sharpened into open conflict. Jacobins demanded unity and discipline. Blanquists pressed for emergency powers. Internationalists and Proudhonists resisted anything that resembled a new state. As shells fell and bread ran thin, fear began to replace the exhilaration of March. The Decree on Hostages, the return of a Committee of Public Safety, and the tightening grip of censorship exposed a brutal question that had haunted every revolution since 1793: how does a movement built on liberty survive when surrounded?

Then, on May 21, as Parisians gathered for a concert in the Tuileries, Versailles troops slipped quietly through an undefended gate. What followed was not a conventional battle, but a methodical annihilation as Versailles conquered Paris district by district. The week would end in massacre, executions, and fire: the Tuileries in flames, the Hôtel de Ville reduced to ash, the Commune’s leaders hunted down, and tens of thousands of working people crushed in the streets.

In the aftermath, the revolution would put on trial, especially in the figure of Louise Michel, who refused repentance and claimed the Commune as “the Social Revolution” itself. And from the ruins of Paris, the left would inherit its defining divide as Marx and Bakunin both hailed the Commune but drew opposite lessons—centralism versus federation, discipline versus spontaneity, the workers’ state versus the negation of the state.

The Commune lasted seventy-two days, but its fires would continue to burn for a century.

This is Season One—The Origins of Socialism: Paris and the Making of Modern Revolution

Next: Marxism vs. Anarchism: The Question of the State

Written and produced by Matt Payne.

Support, Subscribe, Read on Substack: https://ismhistorypodcast.substack.com/

Original Musical Compositions by Ian Payne: https://www.jamesianpayne.com/

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Contact: [email protected]

In the spring of 1871, socialism briefly ruled Paris.

After months of siege, starvation, and humiliation, the French capital turned inward—away from Versailles, away from empire, away from the promises of liberal republics—and toward a radical experiment in working-class self-government. In this episode, we trace how the trauma of war and betrayal gave birth to the Paris Commune, the most audacious socialist uprising of the nineteenth century.

Through the life and memory of Louise Michel—the “Red Virgin of Montmartre”—we follow Paris from exile and repression back to the cold dawn of March 18, when working-class women confronted government troops sent to seize the people’s cannons…and the rifles refused to fire. What began as an act of defiance became a collapse of state authority.

As the government fled to Versailles, Paris improvised a new political order from below. Neighborhood vigilance committees fed the hungry and punished profiteers. The National Guard radicalized into a people’s army. Socialists, anarchists, Jacobins, feminists, and internationalists debated what a “social republic” might look like—not in theory, but in the streets, clubs, and workplaces of a starving city.

The Commune would last only weeks. But in that brief opening, it transformed socialism forever. It showed what working people could build when the state fell away—and what forces would ultimately rise to destroy them.

This is Season One—The Origins of Socialism: Paris and the Making of Modern Revolution

Next: Paris 1871: The Death of the Commune

Written and produced by Matt Payne.

Support, Subscribe, Read on Substack: https://ismhistorypodcast.substack.com/

Original Musical Compositions by Ian Payne: https://www.jamesianpayne.com/

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Socialism didn’t begin as a national project—it began as a wager that workers could unite across borders.

In this episode, we trace the birth of internationalism: the idea that the working class, wherever it lives, shares a common struggle—and a common enemy.

We open in London, September 28, 1864, inside St. Martin’s Hall, where English trade unionists and French artisans gathered for what was supposed to be a simple gesture of solidarity. By nightfall, it had become something else entirely: the founding moment of the International Workingmen’s Association—the First International. A quiet Karl Marx sat in the pews, soon to draft the documents that would give this new movement its voice.

From there, we follow internationalism’s roots back through the aftershocks of 1848 and the age of exile—through Garibaldi’s “liberty without borders,” the multinational currents of romantic nationalism, and the growing disillusionment with bourgeois betrayal. Then we step into the First International itself: a messy, pluralistic federation of reformers and revolutionaries, trade unionists and mutualists, Marxists and anarchists—united only by the shared conviction that solidarity must cross frontiers.

As the organization surges in the late 1860s, its promise collides with its contradictions. Marx and Bakunin, surprisingly aligned on collectivism, began to diverge on the question that would fracture the socialist movement for generations: do you seize the state—or abolish it? And in the coalfields of Belgium, theory meets gunfire, as strikes and massacres reveal both the power—and peril—of international working-class coordination.

By 1870, “the International” had become a symbol feared by rulers and cherished by workers. But then history would accelerate when war, siege, and hunger gripped Paris, launching a revolution that would become socialism’s most enduring myth and most contested proof.

This is Season One—The Origins of Socialism: Paris and the Making of Modern Revolution

Next: Paris 1871: The Birth of the Commune

Written and produced by Matt Payne.

Support, Subscribe, Read on Substack: https://ismhistorypodcast.substack.com/

Original Musical Compositions by Ian Payne: https://www.jamesianpayne.com/

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Contact: [email protected]

In the spring of 1848, Paris became the center of the socialist imagination.

After the fall of the July Monarchy, a new republic promised liberty, equality, and fraternity, but what would those words actually mean for workers, women, and the poor? In this episode, we follow the rise—and violent suppression—of socialism’s first mass political experiment.

Through the lives and ideas of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Jeanne Deroin, Louis Blanc, Eugénie Niboyet, Auguste Blanqui, and a young Karl Marx, we explore how competing visions of socialism collided inside the revolutionary republic. Reformers sought to harness the state. Anarchists rejected it outright. Feminists demanded a social republic that extended equality into the home as well as the workshop.

These debates would not remain theoretical for long.

By June, the promises of February were answered with barricades, artillery, and mass repression in the working-class neighborhoods of Paris. The June Days Uprising would mark the first open class war of modern Europe—and leave an entire generation of socialists politically transformed.

Paris 1848 was not a story of triumph. It was a story of fracture, betrayal, and awakening. But from its ashes emerged a new conviction: that socialism could not survive within a single nation alone.

This is Season One—The Origins of Socialism: Paris and the Making of Modern Revolution

Next: What is Internationalism? The Dream of a Global Working Class

Written and produced by Matt Payne.

Support, Subscribe, Read on Substack: https://ismhistorypodcast.substack.com/

Original Musical Compositions by Ian Payne: https://www.jamesianpayne.com/

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Europe in the 1840s was sleeping on a volcano.

In this episode, we trace the long buildup to the Revolutions of 1848 through hunger, repression, and the slow accumulation of social pressure beneath the surface of liberal order.

We begin not in Paris, but in the silk workshops of Lyon, where workers first rose as a class against industrial capitalism. From there, we follow the aftermath of the July Revolution of 1830, when a popular uprising brought down a king—only to deliver power into the hands of bourgeois liberals like Adolphe Thiers. As working-class revolt was crushed again and again, a new kind of revolutionary politics took shape in the shadows.

Enter Auguste Blanqui: professional conspirator, indefatigable insurrectionist, and prophet of a disciplined revolutionary vanguard. Through secret societies, failed uprisings, and years of prison, Blanqui embodied a growing rift within the French left between reformers in parliament and revolutionaries in the streets.

As famine spread across Europe and the “Hungry Forties” set in, that rift widened into something far more dangerous. When revolution finally erupted in Paris in February 1848, it did so not as a planned conspiracy, but as a spontaneous explosion—three days that toppled the “Bourgeois King” and opened the door to a new republic.

But what kind of republic would it be?

This is Season One—The Origins of Socialism: Paris and the Making of Modern Revolution

Next: Paris 1848: The Red Flag in Spring pt. II—The Fire

Written and produced by Matt Payne.

Support, Subscribe, Read on Substack: https://ismhistorypodcast.substack.com/

Original Musical Compositions by Ian Payne: https://www.jamesianpayne.com/

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Contact: [email protected]