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Where the first declension includes mostly feminine nouns with -a- at the end of their base, second declension includes mostly masculine and neuter nouns with -o- at the end of their base. The second declension has different forms from the first declension but the uses of the cases are the same. 

• However, there’s another important distinction between first and second declension: the -o- at the end of the base in second declension is weak and it doesn’t show up as -o- as often as the -a- shows up in first declension. 

The second-declension -o- can appear as -u-, as in the nominative singular (-us) or the accusative singular (-um) or it can appear as -i- as in the genitive singular and nominative plural (-i) and the dative and ablative plural (-is). 

Here are the endings for second declension masculine, beginning with the singular. 

• The nominative singular: -us or in some cases -er. We’ll discuss that in a second. 

• The genitive singular: -i 

• Dative: -o 

• Accusative: -um 

• Ablative: -o

• and an irregular vocative: -ě 

In the plural the endings are: 

• -i 

• -orum 

• -is

• -os

• -is. 

• The vocative is regular here in the plural. It’s identical to the nominative -i.