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Indefinite pronouns are words you use every day even if you didn’t know they had such a fancy name. These are words such as all, each, every, and none. There are a bunch of them, but this lesson covers most of the ones you need to know.

The post LearnSigns 35: Indefinite Pronouns appeared first on LearnSigns.

Sitting at a roundabout in Mexico teaching sign language. How fun!

Vocabulary learned in this lesson:

If you like the outdoor locations, let me know. I have a few more weeks in the big city of Merida, Mexico and can try to think of other vocabulary lists that go with these locations. You can leave a comment below or write to me with your suggestions.

Thank you to those of you who have bought the book, Learning Sign Language. I would greatly appreciate a review of the book either at Amazon (or one of the other retailers), or at your own blog. Something as simple as posting a link to the book on Facebook would help spread the word among your friends.

The post LearnSigns 34: Vehicles appeared first on LearnSigns.

When I was thinking through a list of animals I came up with a huge list. I will probably have to do 3 different lessons on animals. This one is a list of farm animals. There could have been a few more, but I will save those and find another list they can fit in.

Vocabulary learned in this lesson:

Incidental signs

Will get the transcript and the captioning up soon.

The post LearnSigns 33: Farm Animals appeared first on LearnSigns.

To celebrate the release of my new ebook, Learning to Sign, I have put together a list of vocabulary that has to do with books.

Learning to Sign is currently available at Amazon. I hope to have the Nook version available within the next couple of days.

Vocabulary learned in this lesson:

Incidental vocabulary:

Hello! Welcome to LearnSigns episode 32. In this episode I am going to talk about books.

We’ve seen this word before. BOOK. And then BIBLE is you do JESUS’ BOOK. So you do, JESUS BOOK – BIBLE.

LIBRARY – Where you can get BOOKS. LIBRARY is just your letter L and you are making a circle. Now this circle for me as a right-handed person will be clockwise. From my perspective it is clockwise. If you are left-handed then it will be counter-clockwise. So you go from the inside up and out. LIBRARY. Or, if you are doing it left-handed, LIBRARY.

BOOKSTORE – BOOK and then you do STORE. This is the word for SELL or STORE. BOOKSTORE

BOOKSHELF – A couple of ways to do this. BOOK and then you can do SHELF. BOOKSHELF. You are showing the ledge you put the books on. Or, I do this. You can do BOOK and then line them up like this. Or just do that if it is clear you are talking about BOOKS. BOOKS on a SHELF. BOOKSHELF

DICTIONARY – You have your large DICTIONARY here and you are going to flip the pages. Flip the pages with your letter D. DICTIONARY, DICTIONARY

ENCYCLOPEDIA is like that except it is with the letter E. ENCYCLOPEDIA

MAGAZINE – MAGAZINE. It is a small book. So you’ve got the small spine of the BOOK and you are showing the spine and how thin it is. So that would be MAGAZINE. It is also PAMPHLET or BOOKLET. MAGAZINE, PAMPHLET or BOOKLET

NEWSPAPER – This is the word to PRINT. PRINT. It is also just the general word NEWS. You would get your NEWS in PRINT. NEWSPAPER you will see it like this. Or I do it like this. I do NEWS and then I open a large NEWSPAPER. NEWSPAPER like you have a large PAPER there right in front of you and you are opening it up. NEWSPAPER

SCROLL – Like you are opening a SCROLL. Or it could be a SCROLL this way. You just wiggle your fingers like you are pulling something open. SCROLL

And then to do all of this, to actually enjoy the content in all of that you have to READ. READ. You take your eyes. These are your two…represents your two eyes. And you are going to READ down the page. READ

OK? Let’s go through those again.

BOOK

BIBLE

LIBRARY

BOOKSTORE

BOOKSHELF or BOOKSHELF

DICTIONARY

ENCYCLOPEDIA

MAGAZINE, PAMPHLET or BOOKLET. A small BOOK.

NEWSPAPER NEWSPAPER

SCROLL or SCROLL

And then READ.

And of course the reason I am talking about books this week is I have released the book, Learning Sign Language. It is available at Amazon right now. I am working on getting it available at the Nook bookstore. Right now and for the next couple of weeks it will be available for $5. At Amazon and as soon as I can get it on Nook I will have it there. If there are any other bookstores you would like to see the book available at then let me know. Send me an email at [email protected] and I will try to make that available as soon as possible on that.

You can go to LearnSigns.com/book to get more information about the book. Or this episode is LearnSigns.com/32.

Thanks for watching!

The post LearnSigns 32: Books appeared first on LearnSigns.

While this episode is about cleaning your house, it is also about taking care of some information I need to tell you about an upcoming book. First the vocabulary.

New words learned in this lesson:

Concerning the new book, I needed to get some information from you. First I wrote a post about the book and how that I need input to know where to make the book available. Please comment there or send me an email.

This is LearnSigns episode 31: House Keeping

Taking care of the house.

CLEAN – This is CLEAN as in just something is CLEAN. It is NICE. That is also the sign for NICE. CLEAN. And then you can do WASH like this, or you can do WASH with your open hand. So CLEAN and then WASH or WASH.

Now depending on what you are WASHING as to what the sign is. If you are WASHING plates, you’ve got something that is flat. This is the sign for PLATES. You are showing something that is flat. I am doing it right in front of me in a flat manner. PLATE. You can do WASH because you are WASHING plates

And this is the sign for CUP. Something you drink out of. You can WASH the cup CLEAN inside. And then WASH clothes, like a WASHING MACHINE would WASH clothes. You will see some people do WASH clothes like this like you have a washboard and you are scrubbing the clothes. But this would be WASH clothes, or you could do WASH clothes. Either one of those.

SWEEP, SWEEP

VACUUM – Like you are pushing the VACUUM cleaner around the room.

GARBAGE, TRASH, GARBAGE

Alright?

CLEAN or CLEAN

And then WASH

WASHING PLATES would be anything flat like that. You could WASH the car also.

And this is PLATE. This is CUP.

WASH clothes. WASHING MACHINE.

SWEEP

VACUUM

GARBAGE

Now the reason I wanted to call this one house keeping is because I wanted to talk to you about something besides the signs. So, just some extra things.

I am working on a book that should be released next Wednesday, April 17. And I need two things from you. One is I need to know what platform you want the book on. It is going to be an ebook. Because I use the Kindle, then I am certainly planning on releasing it on the Kindle. But what other platforms do you use that you would like me to make the book available at? I can make it for the Kobo, the Nook, other ereaders. But I need to know where you buy your books.

You can let me know by sending me an email, [email protected]. Or you can go to LearnSigns.com/book and there is a blog post that I wrote about the book. And you could just leave a comment there as to where you would like the book to be available.

So that is the first thing you can do for me. Is let me know where you would like to have the book.

The book is going to be…the first 2 weeks is going to be available for $5. After that I’m going to raise the price to $8. But the first 2 weeks you can get the book and get access to that very—I think—very inexpensively. And it is a book about tips and tricks on how to learn sign language. It is not so much vocabulary. But it is how to learn signs. For example, the lesson we did on fingerspelling. It is all written down in a nice easy form so that you can get the rules for fingerspelling and how to become a better finger speller.

And then secondly what I need is I need help designing a cover. My regular designer for things like this is moving right now. So this gives you an opportunity—the LearnSigns community—to participate in the book. And if you would like to be able to help me with that, you can contact me at [email protected] and I can give you all the specs and we can talk about things. But, of course, I am trying to get it done before the book is due to be released next week.

It can be a last minute addition, but it needs to be available before I put the book out there for people to buy. So I would appreciate your help on that.

So this is, LearnSigns.com/31 and you can get information about the book at LearnSigns.com/book and I would appreciate any feedback you that you could give me on where you would like the book to be made available. And if any body could help me design a cover, I would appreciate that as well.

Thanks for watching.

The post LearnSigns 31: House Keeping appeared first on LearnSigns.

These are common colors in American Sign Language. Not all the colors known to man are included because not all the colors have a sign. But the basic ones do and you will learn them in this video.

Colors learned in this lesson:

One of the things I asked viewers to do in this video is to write a description of the way the color gray is signed in your area in the comments below.

The post LearnSigns 30: Colors appeared first on LearnSigns.

Fruits, as well as food in general, can be one of those groups of signs which vary widely across the US. In this lesson I give you the signs for common fruits that seem to be somewhat consistent in the way they are signed. However, there are a few fruits that I mention a couple of different ways to sign them.

The post LearnSigns 29: Fruits appeared first on LearnSigns.

After I did the whole video calling these superlatives, I did my homework and found out they are called degrees of comparison. Superlatives and comparatives are the two degrees.

The comparative compares one item to another, or a group of items. It tells you which one has more of a quality or property in the comparison. An example is, “my brother is older than I.” You can think of this as “more than.”

The superlative compares one item against a group and tells you which one has the greatest property or quality of all the items. An example is, “my brother is the oldest.” You can think of this one as “the most.”

Comparatives and superlatives are applied to adverbs and adjectives. We often do this with the words more and most, or with the suffixes -er and -est.

Hello Welcome to LearnSigns lesson 28.

In this lesson we are going to talk about superlatives. Superlatives are those words like BETTER, BEST. You’ve got your degrees. You have GOOD. And then the next degree up is BETTER. And then BEST. Now, in English sometimes these would be MORE GOOD. I know that we don’t say that. Or, MOST GOOD. We have GOOD, BETTER, BEST. But then some words do use the MORE and MOST. And then some will just use the -ER at the end of the word, or -EST. And so those are the types of words I am talking about here. Superlatives.

Now, let’s talk about MORE and MOST first and then we will talk about how to apply this. I am not going to go through all the possible superlatives, because you can use the principles here to build the superlatives that you need.

MORE and MOST are the two signs that you would use to get your -ER (your middle one). I forget what that is called. Some grammar person can let me know. And then your -EST. That is your MOST. Your superlative, the BEST one.

So, MORE, you already know that one. MORE. You take both of your hands, your kissy fingers and you put them together. MORE

MOST – There are a couple of different ways to do this. And it depends on how you are using this sign, or what the sign is that you are saying as to which one you use. But most of the time you will use this one. You will have your non-dominant hand, your subordinate hand, is going to stay stationary. And you are going to rub your dominant hand up the knuckles. So your knuckles are going to touch the knuckles.

MOST

MORE and MOST

Now, in GOOD, BETTER and BEST, there are … it has it’s own way of doing it. We know that GOOD is like this. And then BETTER is just straight across. BETTER. BEST – And this is, BETTER-EST. BETTER-MOST. Or you could say the MOST BETTER. Of course we would not say that in ENGLISH. You could say that in sign language. But it does have its own sign and that is BEST. So, GOOD, BETTER, and then BEST.

Now, BAD, WORSE and WORST are good examples of how you would do this the sign language way, the ASL way. And that would be BAD. You know that one. BAD. Now there is a sign for…you could say, MORE BAD. That would be WORSE. And then MOST BAD, you could do that. This is the sign for WORSE or WORST, both of them. WORSE is getting WORSE. Something was BAD before but now is getting WORSE. You could do that a couple of times to show that. And then WORST would be the WORST is just one time. It is the WORST it could be. WORST

Now you can use this MORE and MOST with other signs as well.

Let’s look at PRETTY or BEAUTIFUL. We could say BEAUTIFUL. BEAUTIFUL. And then MORE BEAUTIFUL. BEAUTIFUL-ER. MORE BEAUTIFUL is the way you would say it. And then MOST BEAUTIFUL. You do MOST BEAUTIFUL.

Now we don’t do that with PRETTY. We do PRETTY, PRETTIER and PRETTIEST. So you could do that as well. PRETTY. PRETTIER – You could do MORE PRETTY or PRETTY MORE. Most of the time you would do MORE PRETTY, PRETTIER. And the MOST PRETTY. PRETTIEST. PRETTIEST.

Ok, you see how those are used there?

Uh, let’s do to SMELL BAD. To STINK. Oh, it STINKS – STINKS. It is STINKIER. MORE STINKY than before. STINKIER. And then STINKIEST would be MOST STINKY. Oh, the STINKIEST, the WORST.

You’ve got SMART. SMART – Remember we did that one? SMART. Now you can do MORE SMART – SMARTER. And then MOST SMART. SMARTEST.

TALL, TALL. MORE TALL – TALLER. MOST TALL – TALLEST.

OLD. OLD – As in my OLDER brother. You could say, OLDER, MORE OLD, or OLD MORE. MORE OLD or OLD MORE. Either one of those work. And then OLDEST. OLDEST. OLD MOST. Or your can do MOST OLD. Either one of those is fine.

So you see how you can apply that to other words. Particularly, I guess adjectives are what you would use these with. And just apply your MORE and your MOST as necessary.

So let’s go through those again.

MORE

MOST

And then we have GOOD, BETTER, BEST.

Sometimes you will see people do MOST like this. That is fine. MOST

BAD BAD

WORSE – As in getting WORSE.

And then WORST. The WORST it can be.

Then BEAUTIFUL. BEAUTIFUL.

MORE BEAUTIFUL

MOST BEAUTIFUL

Same way with PRETTY, STINK, STINKIER, STINKIEST.

TALL

TALL – You could do TALLER. That would be MORE TALL. Or you could do TALL MORE. And then TALLEST. Or MOST TALL.

Same way with OLD, OLDER, OLDEST.

Ok? So you see how to use those? The superlatives are used with the helping verb…or the helping words MORE and MOST.

This is LearnSigns.com lesson 28. If you have any questions you can send me an email at [email protected], or you can leave a comment in the comment section below. Thanks for watching.

The post LearnSigns 28: Superlatives appeared first on LearnSigns.

This lesson is about how to give directions. The concept of how to give directions seems to be difficult for many people. Don’t let it discourage you.

Remember that the key to giving directions is to give them from your perspective. It is called the signers perspective. Each step should be given as if you were the one going to the location. Consequently, when you are receiving directions from someone remember they are telling you as if they were going to the location.

New vocabulary learned in this lesson:

If you are adventurous and want to try your hand at watching a video in signs there is a good video about giving directions in sign language done by a deaf lady. The video is loosely captioned and gives you an idea of what she is saying in sign language. It is well done and explains direction giving with some good examples.

Hello! Welcome to LearnSigns.com lesson 27.

In the last couple of lessons we’ve talked about prepositions. In this lesson I want to talk about giving directions. And those kind of go hand in hand. Many of the prepositions that you’ve already learned will help you in giving directions. Now there are a couple of other signs that you are going to want to know for giving directions.

First of all is going to be your compass points. NORTH, SOUTH, EAST and WEST. Now when you are talking about the compass and giving directions in general, you are going to give it from your perspective. If you are the one giving directions then you talk from your perspective. We call this the signers perspective in directions.

So pretend that you are looking at a map. Then the top of the map is NORTH. SOUTH is the bottom of the map. EAST is the right side of the map. And WEST is the left side of the map. When you use the directions like that, NORTH and SOUTH are very simple.

Which side is EAST? Which side is WEST? Is it my side? Their side? EAST and WEST, again you should do it from your perspective. So WEST would be to your left and EAST would be to your right. However, that is not as critical. For example, if I said, imagine that you were in Kenya and you wanted to go to the EAST side of the country. Well, I could do EAST side, and that would be the opposite of what I just said: EAST side. But from then on I need to keep EAST one direction and WEST the other direction. The idea that you are saying EAST and WEST should clarify where you mean. So it is not as critical to keep those necessarily straight, but within that conversation it needs to stay consistent on your EAST and WEST.

So, NORTH, SOUTH, EAST and WEST.

Now you have BESIDE. You can do BESIDE. You are showing the object here and you are set off to a side of it.

IN FRONT OF, or AFTER is probably better to say AFTER. And then BEFORE. So I am the signer, I am the one talking about going to the place.

You see the tall bank building? Where you are going is AFTER. AFTER the tall bank. Or BEFORE the bank. And this is BESIDE.

Now, IN FRONT OF, you can do it this way. IN FRONT OF, you are showing in the PRESENCE of is really the sign there, but it can mean BEFORE (as in IN FRONT OF, not BEFORE as in BEFORE you get to the building).

And then you have BEHIND or BACK. The BACKSIDE of something. Or you can do BEHIND like this. You have your stationary object and you are going to go behind it. Or you go PAST it. Go PAST the tall bank building.

So those are some other signs that you’ll want to know when you give directions.

Now, when you do give directions, let’s say there are two different scenarios. One is that we’re physically in the location that we are talking about. I can tell you to go over there and turn LEFT. That is pretty simple. So if you are in the physical location then look for, really just showing the person with your signs. You have RIGHT and LEFT. You can do both of them with your right hand or both with your left hand. You do LEFT and RIGHT. But again, if I am going to tell you to go out that door over there and turn LEFT it will be from my perspective. Even if you are standing there looking at me in this direction, it’s still going to be to my LEFT as I am giving you directions. So always think about that. Think about it from your perspective. The one that is giving directions.

So that, if you were the one walking there and your friend later is going to walk there, then you are giving it from the perspective they would need to know as they walk there, or drive there.

Now if you are not physically in the location. For example it is going to be some place downtown. Way over there. Then what you want to do is start with a known location. A common landmark. And ask the person, OK do you know where this store is, or this building is? And then start from there giving your directions. And then you would say, you go up past the tall bank. You know where that is? Go past that. You are going to go past one block, two blocks. So you have side streets here. You are going to go one, two blocks. And you turn RIGHT. Turn RIGHT and go over there. So you can do turn RIGHT like this or your can do it with your classifier, with your car. You turn RIGHT or turn LEFT. And you can also say, go STRAIGHT. Go STRAIGHT.

So the big thing about giving directions in sign language—and this seems to be confusing for a lot of people—is that you always giving directions from your perspective. The one that is giving the signs. The one that is giving the directions. It is called signer’s perspective. So give it from the signer’s perspective.

And then just use your signs, like the prepositions you have learned in the last couple of lessons. The ones I have given you in this lesson to give a description of how to get somewhere. If you are physically in the location then you show from here how to get there. If you are talking about some location that is distant, then you find a common landmark and then you work from there to get there.

If you have any questions, if this doesn’t make sense, or you have other questions then leave a comment on the website: LearnSigns.com and this is lesson 27. So you can go to LearnSigns.com/27 to get to this lesson. Leave a comment there. Or you can write me at [email protected] and I will be glad to answer any questions I can for you. Thank you for watching.

The post LearnSigns 27: Giving Directions appeared first on LearnSigns.

In the last lesson we talked about how to sign various prepositions. In this lesson we talk about how to use those signs properly. You can get the list of vocabulary from the other lesson.

The main focus of this lesson is the word OF. It is used as an example word on how to handle prepositions and how to think through all words so that you can sign them properly. Your focus should be on the meaning of the words, not just the sign that we assign to the words.

Hello! This is LearnSigns.com lesson number 26. Twenty-Six.

In this lesson we are going to talk more about prepositions. In the last lesson I gave you a list of prepositions. This lesson will explain some of them in a little more detail.

First of all, let’s go through some of these again and look at what the right sign is for these.

IN

IN and OUT. OUTSIDE of. Those are pretty simple. Then IN is INTO. INSIDE.

WHILE, DURING or AS. I mentioned in the last lesson that WHILE, DURING and AS, these are words that talk about DURING this event, something else happened. So there may be other words besides those three that could use this sign. So try to think about what are the words meaning and then put the right sign to it. So WHILE, DURING or AS.

DURING the game last week someone got hurt. So, DURING. And this is WHILE something else is taking place.

And then we did SINCE. SINCE. You can also use this to mean UP TO NOW. From in the past TO NOW. Sometimes you will see it signed this way, where they will do SINCE and then come down to the Y signs. NOW, or NOW. You can do it either way. And this is UP TO NOW. From the past to today. Right now. SINCE or UP TO NOW.

ON, OVER, ABOVE, BELOW, BENEATH. We did those words.

WITH

WITH – This is the idea of two items. That can be two people or whatever. And it’s not just limited to two. It can be 15 items. So WITH. The idea is that it is a collection of things. Not just one thing. It will be two things together. Or, my car is WITH the MECHANIC. Or you can do MECHANIC. So it is not two things that are the same necessarily. It is just items that are together. WITH or TOGETHER.

Then, also this can be used to mean a boyfriend and girlfriend going out TOGETHER. You can do it back and forth like this. They are always WITH each other. Always TOGETHER. WITH, TOGETHER

WITHOUT

THROUGH

Now THROUGH has the idea of…of something is there and you are going to go THROUGH it. It can be metaphorical. I am going THROUGH a hard time right now. Or it can be physical. I am going to go THROUGH the door. Those…both of those are used. With sign language, typically, you are thinking of things that are real, physical things. But yet, you can also convey things that are not real. They are metaphorical. Or, they are simile, they are showing something that is not really real, like going THROUGH a hard time. Or this is…THROUGH this last week has been a great time for me. So you can use that THROUGH for those.

TO – I mentioned in the last lesson that this is movement from one place TO another place. You don’t use this for to eat, or to comb my hair. I guess I don’t do that anyway. But you don’t use this TO with your infinitive. And the infinitive is when you say a verb like to, whatever the verb is. To drive. You don’t use this sign TO for that. You just don’t use it at all. There is not a sign that you need to use for that construction. I want to GO… So I can say, I want to go and then I can say, TO the STORE. I WANT to DRIVE TO my FRIEND’S house. So to drive doesn’t use it, but going from here TO there does.

FROM

FROM

FOR

And then I also talked about the word OF. Those three words together. Many times the word OF means FROM. Or it means FOR. Or it can mean to REPRESENT. The word OF has many different meanings. So if you think of, this is the book OF John (we don’t say that so much in English), but that construction; book OF somebody. Then that is not FROM, it’s not FOR, it is BELONGS TO—and this is the sign BELONGS TO. You take two things and connect them together. You can say it belongs to John. OK, so the book OF John. It BELONGS to John. John’s book.

You can say, I am OF the state of Texas. FROM. Again, we don’t use that construction a whole lot, but that comes up. That is kind of an odd example. But, I am FROM, I am OF this world. FROM this world. So OF can mean FROM.

The Statue OF Liberty. What does OF mean there? You can say REPRESENTS. Or the Statue that SHOWS Liberty.

So the word OF, along with several other words, but that is one that has an easy example for us in the prepositions. The word OF has many different meanings and therefore you need to sign it based on the meaning. Not just O-F. You can say OF, but the meaning will be clearer if you will actually sign the sign that corresponds to that meaning. So try to think about that every time you hear the word OF, what does it mean? Then fit the sign for it.

And don’t just do that for the word OF. That is every word. Every word you hear…because sign language is not the same as English. It is a different language. And many times my spoken word corresponds to a sign that means that word, or what we would put together as a tag that says, OK this sign is that. But you need to think more, not just what the words say, but what do they mean and try to figure out every time you are listening to a word and you are interpreting or if you are just talking to you friends. You need to listen and think, what does this word mean? What is the base meaning for this word and sign that meaning?

So that is your word OF. It can mean FROM, BELONGS to, REPRESENTS, FOR. There are many many things that the word OF can mean there.

And then we talked about AROUND and ABOUT. Now this is also like you do it in English. You can talk ABOUT something AROUND physically: A camp fire. So you can say AROUND this way. But it is also used to talk ABOUT something. To talk AROUND a subject. To talk ABOUT this subject. So you can use AROUND and ABOUT that way.

And then the words UP and DOWN we covered in the last lesson. So this lesson is not so much new material on new signs and everything, but it gives a little bit more explanation of how to use those signs.

Every sign, and prepositions are good examples of this, every sign you need to think, what does this word mean? What does the spoken word mean that I am trying to convey and then convey that.

You also go the other direction. When a person is signing, they might sign something you say: Wow, I don’t know what the right English word for that is. Well, try to figure out what it means. What does the sign mean and then put the English word to it if necessary. Now, right now at your stage you are just trying to communicate and learn what people are saying and carry on conversations. But as time goes on and you get in the position of having to voice what your deaf friend is saying, then you want to be able to pull out what is the meaning of those signs and then put the English words to it. Because the English words may not correspond exactly with that particular sign, but it corresponds with the meaning of the sign.

Alright, so we call this…my friends and I when we are talking about this we say, think meaning. What does it mean? This is the sign for MEAN, by the way. Not MEAN as in ANGRY, but MEAN as in this word MEANS that. You take your V or your 2 and you poke it into your palm and then you give it a twist, you come off, twist it and poke it again. MEAN. So think MEANING. What does the word mean, and then sign that.

This is LearnSigns.com lesson 26. So you can go to LearnSigns.com/26 and get to this lesson.

I appreciate you watching. I know we had a couple of weeks there where there were not any videos. I was traveling. I am going to be doing some more traveling in the future. The format of the videos will probably change because of that. I won’t be at home for a few months. So if you see some changes there, bear with me. You probably like the changes, I don’t know. But the lessons will continue as much as I can over the transition time here. And then get back into a regular schedule as quickly as I can.

Thank you for watching.

The post LearnSigns 26: Preposition Usage appeared first on LearnSigns.