Inagininkas Instrumental Case

Hi there, I'm Raminta and I'm Jack and welcome back to Lithuanian Out Loud where we offer the world the Lithuanian language.

According to the article, "June 14, 1940. Why the Russians should apologize."

On the 14th of June 1940, massive deportations of Lithuanians were started by the Soviet Union. In one week 17,730 people were deported from Lithuania to Russian gulags.

The unfortunate Lithuanians selected for transport were intellectuals and academics, political activists, businessmen and successful farmers, medics, lawyers, military leaders, teachers, and religious leaders.

Families had one hour to collect 100 kilograms of belongings and were transported to any one of 57 train stations. Common cattle cars awaited them for the long trip to Siberia.

The Soviets had planned to deport as much as 50% of the Lithuanian population but the Nazi invasion stopped their plans. Many Lithuanians viewed the Germans as saviors because the German invasion stopped the Russians.

When the Soviets forced the Germans out of Lithuania the deportations resumed. In 1948 alone more than 40,000 Lithuanians were shipped east in cattle cars; 11,066 were children.

Between 1940 and 1953 Lithuania lost one third of its population and the only thing that stopped the mass deportations was the death of Stalin in 1953.

Today, Russia refuses to discuss the matter and ignores Lithuania's requests for apologies and reparations. Lithuania is requesting, at a minimum, moral recognition of the issue.

We've already gone over these declensions:

the nominative

vardininkas

the genitive

kilmininkas

the accusative

galininkas

the locative

vietininkas

the vocative

šauksmininkas

We've only got two more declensions remaining and we'll do one of those today;

įnagininkas – the instrumental case.

In this episode we'll be throwing a lot of new stuff at you but don't worry, we'll give you plenty of examples so you can understand what's being presented. First off, we'll go over some concepts. Today's program is only the first in a series covering the instrumental case.

We use the instrumental case in many different ways. One way is to describe how one is transported, for example; to the restaurant we go by car or Rimantas goes to work by motorcycle. The car is the instrument by which we go to the restaurant and the motorcycle is the instrument by which Rimantas goes to work.

When a noun is declined with įnagininkas or the instrumental case, the noun is the instrument of the sentence. The instrumental case can be viewed as describing "by means of," "by way of" or "using."

Let's go over the different instrumental endings or suffixes using singular nouns. We'll go over plural nouns in another episode.

First, here are the singular masculine noun endings or suffixes…

singular nouns that end in –as change to –u

singular nouns that end in –is change to –iu

singular nouns that end in –ys change to –iu

singular nouns that end in –us change to –umi

singular nouns that end in –uo can change to – eniu or –enimi

Now the feminine singular noun endings or suffixes…

singular nouns that end in –a change to –a

singular nouns that end in –ė change to –e

singular nouns that end in –is change to –imi

singular nouns that end in –uo, and there's only one – sesuo, change to –eria

singular nouns that end in –ė, as in duktė, change to –eria or –erimi

before each group of examples we'll go over some vocabulary

vocabulary žodynas

to travel

keliauti

to go or ride by means of transportation

važiuoti

an automobile

automobilis

a bus

autobusas

Valdemaras travels "by means of" a car Valdemaras keliauja automobiliu Simonas travels "by way of" a car Simonas keliauja automobiliu Diana travels "using" a car Diana keliauja automobiliu

Violeta goes "by means of" a bus Violeta važiuoja autobusu Valentina goes "by way of" a bus Valentina važiuoja autobusu Veronika goes "using" a bus Veronika važiuoja autobusu

The instrumental can also be used to describe movement "by way of," "by means of," or "using" a street, a path, a sidewalk, etcetera, or going through a park, a field, a valley, a tunnel, an alley, a river, a sea, a mountain pass, etcetera.

vocabulary žodynas

to go for a walk

pasivaikščioti

to go (on foot)

eiti

a path

takas

a sidewalk

šaligatvis

to swim

plaukti

a river

upė

Algis walks "by means of" the path

Algis eina taku

Giedrius walks "by way of" the path

Giedrius eina taku

Evaldas walks "using" the path

Evaldas eina taku

Justinas goes for a walk "by means of" the sidewalk

Justinas eina pasivaikščioti šaligatviu

Justas goes for a walk "by way of" the sidewalk

Justas eina pasivaikščioti šaligatviu

Neringa goes for a walk "using" the sidewalk

Neringa eina pasivaikščioti šaligatviu

a boat sails via the river

valtis plaukia upe

a ship sails using the river

laivas plaukia upe

a barge sails by means of the river

barža plaukia upe

Now let's talk about professions. You can say, I am a doctor, or, aš esu gydytojas. I'm a policeman, aš esu policininkas. In these examples we are not using the instrumental case.

Using the instrumental case we would say, I work as a doctor – aš dirbu gydytoju. I work as a policeman – aš dirbu policininku. A profession is the instrument "by way of" or "by means of" a person makes a living. The key word in English here is the word, "as." I work as a pilot. I work as a teacher.

vocabulary žodynas

a policeman, policewoman

policininkas, policininkė

a pilot

lakūnas, lakūnė

a doctor

gydytojas, gydytoja

a lawyer

teisininkas, teisininkė

a teacher

mokytojas, mokytoja

a commentator

komentatorius, komentatorė

here we'll compare phrases using vardininkas with phrases using įnagininkas

vardininkas

I am a policeman

aš esu policininkas

įnagininkas I work "as" a policeman

aš dirbu policininku

vardininkas I am a pilot

aš esu lakūnas

įnagininkas I work as a pilot

aš dirbu lakūnu

vardininkas I am a doctor

aš esu gydytojas

įnagininkas I work as a doctor

aš dirbu gydytoju

vardininkas I am a lawyer

aš esu teisininkas

įnagininkas I want to work "as" a lawyer

aš noriu dirbti teisininku

vardininkas I am a teacher

aš esu mokytojas

įnagininkas I want to work "as" a teacher

aš noriu dirbti mokytoju

vardininkas Justas is a television comentator

Justas yra televizijos komentatorius

įnagininkas Justas works as a television comentator

Justas dirba televizijos komentatoriumi

vardininkas Evaldas is a controller

Evaldas yra kontrolierius

įnagininkas Evaldas works as a controller

Evaldas dirba kontrolieriumi

Some prepositions require the instrumental case such as the word "with" or in Lithuanian – su.

first, here's some vocabulary

with

su

bacon

šoninė

to travel

keliauti

to eat

valgyti

ice cream

ledai

beef

jautiena

knife

peilis

fork

šakutė

chocolate

šokoladas

ammonia

amoniakas

a shovel

kastuvas

pleasure

malonumas

to eat with a knife and fork

valgyti su peiliu ir šakute

beef with bacon

jautiena su šonine

ice cream with chocolate

ledai su šokoladu

a liquid mixed with ammonia

skystis, sumaišytas su amoniaku

Antanas works with a shovel

Antanas dirba su kastuvu

I can live with Rimantas

galiu gyventi su Rimantu

Diana can travel with Justinas

Diana gali keliauti su Justinu

he works with pleasure

jis dirba su malonumu

Alright, that does it for our introduction to using the instrumental. On the next episode we'll continue part II of exploring the instrumental case. We'll see you in 2010. Happy New Year!

June 14, 1940. Why the Russians should apologize http://irzikevicius.wordpress.com/2008/06/15/june-14-1940-why-the-russians-should-apologies/