The Christians Peter is addressing were living in the outlying regions of Roman rule, during the time of Nero’s reign, and the persecutions were real. In the city of Rome Christians were being put to death, but all over the Empire Christians were being ostracized, they were being (just as Jesus had said) put out of society. They were losing positions, property, and rights as citizens because they were followers of Jesus' way.
What were they to do? How should they respond? Peter is writing to them to offer Encouragement to Endure Suffering and Persecution, and to do so as followers of Jesus! They were not encouraged to be angry or demand their rights (Consider 1:5-9; 3:9-17; 4:1-2, 12-19), but rather, Peter is saying, “Rejoice in your Suffering! Be glad in your Persecution! When they cast you out, count it glory! When they take your property, be thankful you have been freed! When they take your rights, rejoice in the Citizenship you have in Heaven! Count it the greatest blessing that you are being freed from this world’s hold and loosed to pursue life in Christ, with Christ!” The surrender is not to the world, but to the will of God! Rather than being hostile in return, the message for them, and us, is to pursue and display Holiness in a Hostile World: