During development of the mammalian telencephalon stem cells and more lineage
restricted progenitor cells give rise to all cell types which later are contributing to this
fascinatingly orchestrated organ. Initially, at the stage of neuroepithelial cells, these stem
cells increase their pool by symmetric proliferative divisions and later, when matured to
radial glia (RG) cells they give rise to neurons either directly, or indirectly via intermediate
progenitors. At later stages of development, radial glia generate glial progenitor cells or
differentiate to glial cells directly. How stem cells orchestrate this sequel of tissue genesis
has been unraveled by pioneer studies focusing on stem cells of the murine cerebral
neocortex. However, the ways how one of the biggest brain regions of the murine brain,
the ventral telencephalon which later forms the basal ganglia, facilitates this process, have
been largely unknown. Over the past years, increasing interest has been put forward in
understanding how the human cortex and its dramatically expanded surface with gyri and
sulci is build up on a cellular level during embryonic development. Studies both on
embryonic human and primate brains revealed that an expanded germinal zone, the outer
subventricular zone (OSVZ), seeded with a heterogeneous population of progenitor cells
which are rare in lissencepahlic brains, is responsible to form this enormously elevated
brain region. However, both human and primate material is rare and genetically modified
models are not available. To investigate the cellular mechanisms taking place in an
expanded mammalian brain region in the mouse would be of great interest technically and
from an evolutionary perspective. Therefore, live-imaging studies of individual progenitor
cells in embryonic brainslices which have been labeled in the lateral ganglionic eminence
(LGE) by in-utero electroporation were carried out to reveal lineages emanating from
single RG cells. The development of the ventral telencephalon precedes that of the dorsal
telencephalon, the cerebral neocortex, and already at early stages prominent bulges begin
t form into the ventricular lumen. One characteristic of ventral forebrain development is
the early appearance of a non-apically dividing cell population away from the ventricle,
which outnumbers from stages of midneurogenesis on apically dividing cells. Amongst
these non-apically dividing cells a proportion divides in the ventricular zone, a region that
in the neocortex is largely devoid of mitotic cells. These subapically dividing cells were
termed according to their location subapical progenitors (SAP). The characterization of
these SAPs both by immunohistochemistry and live imaging revealed a morphologically
heterogeneous population, with cells bearing processes towards apical, basal or both
directions in addition to cells without processes resembling the morphology of basal
progenitors, during mitosis. Indeed, bipolar cells amongst these SAPs were characterized
as a new type of radial glia, which does not reach the ventricular surface for mitosis but
divides in the VZ and generates a basally migrating bRG. By this SAPs contribute to the
seeding of the LGE SVZ with a cell type that is characteristic for enlarged SVZ, like the
OSVZ in gyrified brains and fundamental for the formation of gyri and sulci. The longterm
observation of RG lineages in the LGE uncovered the potential to generate large
progeny at midneurogenesis. RG give rise to daughter cells which divide once more in the
ventricular zone and generate cells with further proliferative potential, thereby amplifying
the cellular output. This amplification of progenitor cells goes along with a shortening in
cell cycle length, a feature observed also in the expanded germinal zones of gyrified
cortices. In conclusion the developing murine LGE turns out to be a suitable model to
study the cellular mechanisms of an expanded brain region.