MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.

Originally released: January 22, 2018

Did anyone else catch the 2017 update to the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis? Me neither. Hopefully this episode will catch you up on it.

Produced by James E Siegler. Music by Daniel Birch and Chris Zabriskie. The BrainWaves' podcast and online content are intended for medical education and entertainment purposes only.

REFERENCES

Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol 2011;69(2):292-302. PMID 21387374

Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 2018;17(2):162-173. PMID 29275977

We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode’s original release date.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities. Episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.

Originally released: September 14, 2017

In 2016, the management of patent foramen ovale was “open” for discussion. Now (2017), consider the case closed. Recent data indicate patent foramen ovales should be closed in certain patients with cryptogenic strokes. But some questions remain unanswered. This week's episode is a follow-up discussion on this frequent topic that troubles stroke units.

Produced by James E Siegler and Chris Favilla. Music by Lee Rosevere and Marcos H. Bolanos. Voiceover by Erika Mejia. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education purposes only. Jim is not a cardiac surgeon. Just a guy who's trying to bring you all the latest updates on what smarter doctors are doing.

REFERENCES

Kent DM, Dahabreh IJ, Ruthazer R, et al. Device closure of patent foramen ovale after stroke: pooled analysis of completed randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67(8):907-7. PMID 26916479

Kent DM, Ruthazer R, Weimar C, et al. An index to identify stroke-related vs incidental patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke. Neurology 2013;81(7):619-25. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a08d59. Epub 2013 Jul 17. PMID 23864310

Meier B, Lock JE. Contemporary management of patent foramen ovale. Circulation 2003;107(1):5-9. PMID 12515733

We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode’s original release date.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities, and episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.

Originally released: December 26, 2019

2019 was a big year. The year of the Mueller report. The American college admissions scandals. Brexit. But it was also the year the US Women's team won the World Cup and lobbied for the equal pay of women and men in sports. It was the year of NMO, in which several pivotal trials showed the benefit of disease-modulating therapy in this condition. The year Will Smith played Genie in Aladdin.

2019 was a great year. And as we wrap up 2019, this week's episode includes some of the highlights. Enjoy!

Produced by James E Siegler with support from Erika Mejia, Rajat Dhar, and the entire Siegler family. Music courtesy of Axletree, Chris Zabriskie, John Paston, Kevin Mcleod, Josh Woodward, Steve Combs, Lee Rosevere, Scott Holmes, Advent Chamber Orchestra, Coldnoise, and Pachyderm. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast.

REFERENCES

[BRAIN FOOD]

Devore EE, Kang JH, Breteler MM, Grodstein F. Dietary intakes of berries and flavonoids in relation to cognitive decline. Ann Neurol 2012;72(1):135-43. PMID 22535616

Kennedy DO, Wightman EL, Reay JL, et al. Effects of resveratrol on cerebral blood flow variables and cognitive performance in humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover investigation. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(6):1590-7. PMID 20357044

Lefèvre-Arbogast S, Gaudout D, Bensalem J, et al. Pattern of polyphenol intake and the long-term risk of dementia in older persons. Neurology 2018;90(22):e1979-e1988. PMID 29703769

Liu QP, Wu YF, Cheng HY, et al. Habitual coffee consumption and risk of cognitive decline/dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrition 2016;32(6):628-36. PMID 26944757

Miller MG, Hamilton DA, Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B. Dietary blueberry improves cognition among older adults in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2018;57(3):1169-80. PMID 28283823

Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, et al. MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging. Alzheimers Dement 2015;11(9):1015-22. PMID 26086182

Newman JC, Covarrubias AJ, Zhao M, et al. Ketogenic diet reduces midlife mortality and improves memory in aging mice. Cell Metab 2017;26(3):547-57.e8. PMID 28877458

Norton S, Matthews FE, Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Brayne C. Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease: an analysis of population-based data. Lancet Neurol 2014;13(8):788-94. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol 2014;13(11):1070. PMID 25030513

Okkersen K, Jimenez-Moreno C, Wenninger S, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy with optional graded exercise therapy in patients with severe fatigue with myotonic dystrophy type 1: a multicentre, single-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2018;17(8):671-80. PMID 29934199

Radd-Vagenas S, Duffy SL, Naismith SL,

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities. Episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.

Originally released: November 28, 2019

Peer review prior to publication of medical data dates back to the 9th century CE but has only really gained steam in the past 70 or 80 years. Ideally, peer review would serve as an initial filter for data that enter a permanent public scientific record. But peer review is not without flaws. In the second installment of the BrainWaves segment, “It’s not over yet…,” we discuss publication as a potential source of bias and highlight the reasons why it should not be the final step of the peer review process.

Produced by James E Siegler. Music courtesy of Cullah, Lee Rosevere, John Bartmann, Kevin McLeod, and Jon Watts. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter (now X) @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast.

REFERENCES

Bingham C, van der Weyden MB. Peer review on the Internet: launching eMJA peer review study 2. Med J Aust 1998;169(5):240-1. PMID 9762058

Godlee F, Gale CR, Martyn CN. Effect on the quality of peer review of blinding reviewers and asking them to sign their reports: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;280(3):237-40. PMID 9676667

Haffar S, Bazerbachi F, Murad MH. Peer review bias: a critical review. Mayo Clin Proc 2019;94(4):670-6. PMID 30797567

Jefferson T, Alderson P, Wager E, Davidoff F. Effects of editorial peer review: a systematic review. JAMA 2002;287(21):2784-6. PMID 12038911

Jefferson T, Rudin M, Brodney Folse S, Davidoff F. Editorial peer review for improving the quality of reports of biomedical studies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;2007(2):MR000016. PMID 17443635

Mandavilli A. Peer review: Trial by Twitter. Nature 2011;469(7330):286-7. PMID 21248816

Ware M. Peer review: Benefits, perspectives, and alternatives. Publishing Research Consortium, 2008.

We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode’s original release date.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities. Episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.

Originally released: November 14, 2019

The FDA label for ACTEMRA® (tocilizumab)--the first medication approved for use in giant cell arteritis in 2017--is 40 pages long. Of the information provided in this document, which includes important dosing information, dose adjustments based on leukocyte count, clinical trial and epidemiologic data, there is a box of text on the first page of the insert. "WARNING: RISK OF SERIOUS INFECTIONS," it reads.

What do you make of this warning? And with such a clear and broad-sweeping statement stamped on the medication, how do you mitigate the medico-legal risk of using this drug?

This week on the program we launch into a two-part series focused on some of the events that follow major clinical trials. In part 1, we cover the three major classifications of FDA alerts for medical treatments using two examples from the neurologic pharmacopoeia. In part 2, we emphasize the importance of post-publication peer review. And both are equally instrumental in our medical decision-making.

Produced by James E Siegler with the support of Michael Rubenstein (University of Pennsylvania) and Zachary Newcomer (University of Florida). Music courtesy of Coldnoise, Cuicuitte, Doctor Turtle, Jahzzar, and Peter Rudenko under a CC license. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. None of what is discussed here should be misconstrued as medical advice, so don't just go prescribing drugs off-label! (Or willy nilly, as my grandmother might say) Be sure to follow us on Twitter (now X) @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast.

REFERENCES

Ballard C, Hanney ML, Theodoulou M, et al. The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): long-term follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2009;8(2):151-7. PMID 19138567

Dorsey ER, Beck CA, Darwin K, et al. Natural history of Huntington disease. JAMA Neurol 2013;70(12):1520-30. PMID 24126537

Hubers AA, van Duijn E, Roos RA, et al. Suicidal ideation in a European Huntington's disease population. J Affect Disord 2013;151(1):248-58. PMID 23876196

Moore TJ, Singh S, Furberg CD. The FDA and new safety warnings. Arch Intern Med 2012;172(1):78-80. PMID 22232155

Rose RV, Kass JS. Prescribing antipsychotic medications to patients with dementia: boxed warnings and mitigation of legal liability. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2019;25(1):254-9. PMID 30707196

Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA 2005;294(15):1934-43. PMID 16234500

Schultz JL, Killoran A, Nopoulos PC, Chabal CC, Moser DJ, Kamholz JA. Evaluating depression and suicidality in tetrabenazine users with Huntington disease. Neurology 2018;91(3):e202-7. PMID 29925548

Shen V, Clarence-Smith K, Hunter C, Jankovic J. Safety and efficacy of tetrabenazine and use of concomitant medications during long-term, open-label treatment of chorea associated with Huntington's an

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities. Episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.

Originally released: October 17, 2019

College is a tough time for any kid. But it should also be exciting. Then to experience the freedoms of young adulthood, only later to face the horrifying reality of a progressive neurodegenerative condition...it's not something anyone should experience. In this week's continuation of the patient narrative series, Dr. Paul McIntosh (Duke) shares his life-changing story and his optimism about surviving a chronic neurologic illness.

Produced by James E Siegler with the help of Paul McIntosh. For more information about Pompe Disease, check out the resources provided by the United Pompe Foundation at unitedpompe.com. Music for our program this week was courtesy of Ars Sonor, Franz Danzi, Lee Rosevere, and Scott Holmes. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter (now X) @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast.

REFERENCES

Beltran Papsdorf TB, Howard JF Jr, Chahin N. Pearls & Oy-sters: clues to the diagnosis of adult-onset acid maltase deficiency. Neurology 2014;82(9):e73-5. PMID 24590251

Cupler EJ, Berger KI, Leshner RT, et al. Consensus treatment recommendations for late-onset Pompe disease. Muscle Nerve 2012;45(3):319-33. PMID 22173792

Gutiérrez-Rivas E, Bautista J, Vílchez JJ, et al. Targeted screening for the detection of Pompe disease in patients with unclassified limb-girdle muscular dystrophy or asymptomatic hyperCKemia using dried blood: a Spanish cohort. Neuromuscul Disord 2015;25(7):548-53. PMID 25998610

Kishnani PS, Howell RR. Pompe disease in infants and children. J Pediatr 2004;144(5 Suppl):S35-43. PMID 15126982

Kishnani PS, Corzo D, Nicolino M, et al. Recombinant human acid [alpha]-glucosidase: major clinical benefits in infantile-onset Pompe disease. Neurology 2007;68(2):99-109. PMID 17151339

Klinge L, Straub V, Neudorf U, et al. Safety and efficacy of recombinant acid alpha-glucosidase (rhGAA) in patients with classical infantile Pompe disease: results of a phase II clinical trial. Neuromuscul Disord 2005;15(1):24-31. PMID 15639117

Lukacs Z, Nieves Cobos P, Wenninger S, et al. Prevalence of Pompe disease in 3,076 patients with hyperCKemia and limb-girdle muscular weakness. Neurology 2016;87(3):295-8. PMID 27170567

Van den Hout JM, Kamphoven JH, Winkel LP, et al. Long-term intravenous treatment of Pompe disease with recombinant human alpha-glucosidase from milk. Pediatrics 2004;113(5):e448-57. PMID 15121988

van der Ploeg AT, Clemens PR, Corzo D, et al. A randomized study of alglucosidase alfa in late-onset Pompe's disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362(15):1396-406. PMID 20393176

Wokke JH, Escolar DM, Pestronk A, et al. Clinical features of late-onset Pompe disease: a prospective cohort study. Muscle Nerve 2008;38(4):1236-45. PMID 18816591

We believe that

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities. Episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.

Originally released: August 22, 2019

This week on the BrainWaves podcast, finally...a REAL show about BRAINWAVES! Dr. Carolina Maciel of the University of Florida schools Jim Siegler on how to read EEG and interpret abnormal patterns across the ictal-interictal continuum.

Produced by James E Siegler and Carolina Maciel. Music courtesy of Chris Zabriskie, Montplaisir, Rafael Archangel, Steve Combs, Unheard Music Concepts, and Siddhartha. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter (now X) @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast.

REFERENCES

Benbadis SR, LaFrance WC Jr, Papandonatos GD, et al. Interrater reliability of EEG-video monitoring. Neurology 2009;73(11):843-6. PMID 19752450

Beniczky S, Hirsch LJ, Kaplan PW, et al. Unified EEG terminology and criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2013;54 Suppl 6:28-9. PMID 24001066

Chong DJ, Hirsch LJ. Which EEG patterns warrant treatment in the critically ill? Reviewing the evidence for treatment of periodic epileptiform discharges and related patterns. J Clin Neurophysiol 2005;22(2):79-91. PMID 15805807

Claassen J. How I treat patients with EEG patterns on the ictal-interictal continuum in the neuro ICU. Neurocrit Care 2009;11(3):437-44. PMID 19851892

Gaspard N, Hirsch LJ, LaRoche SM, Hahn CD, Westover MB; Critical Care EEG Monitoring Research Consortium. Interrater agreement for Critical Care EEG Terminology. Epilepsia 2014 ;55(9):1366-73. PMID 24888711

Gerber PA, Chapman KE, Chung SS, et al. Interobserver agreement in the interpretation of EEG patterns in critically ill adults. J Clin Neurophysiol 2008;25(5):241-9. PMID 18791475

Hirsch LJ, LaRoche SM, Gaspard N, et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society's Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology: 2012 version. J Clin Neurophysiol 2013;30(1):1-27. PMID 23377439

Newey CR, Sahota P, Hantus S. Electrographic features of lateralized periodic discharges stratify risk in the interictal-ictal continuum. J Clin Neurophysiol 2017;34(4):365-9. PMID 28166083

Rubinos C, Reynolds AS, Claassen J. The ictal-interictal continuum: to treat or not to treat (and how)? Neurocrit Care 2018;29(1):3-8. PMID 29139014

We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode’s original release date.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities. Episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.

Originally released: August 8, 2019

Clean up on aisle 4!

Or should it be IL-4? In this week's installment of the BrainWaves Podcast, we immerse ourselves into the microscopic environment of Alzheimer disease pathology. It's interesting, it's messy, and whoever made this mess is also responsible for the clean-up.

Produced by James E Siegler. Music courtesy of Andy Cohen, Brendan Kinsella, Cuicuitte, Damiano Baldoni, Kai Engel, Nctrnm. Sound effects by Mike Koenig, Blastfx.com, Caroline Ford, Robertv, and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter (now X) @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast.

REFERENCES

Arranz AM, De Strooper B. The role of astroglia in Alzheimer's disease: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol 2019;18(4):406-14. PMID 30795987

Breitner JC, Baker LD, Montine TJ, et al. Extended results of the Alzheimer's disease anti-inflammatory prevention trial. Alzheimers Dement 2011;7(4):402-11. PMID 21784351

Chun H, Lee CJ. Reactive astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease: a double-edged sword. Neurosci Res 2018;126:44-52. PMID 29225140

Heneka MT, Carson MJ, El Khoury J, et al. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2015;14(4):388-405. PMID 25792098

Kumar A, Singh A, Ekavali. A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and its management: an update. Pharmacol Rep 2015;67(2):195-203. PMID 25712639

Maragakis NJ, Rothstein JD. Mechanisms of disease: astrocytes in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2006;2(12):679-89. PMID 17117171

Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, et al. CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. JAMA 2009;302(4):385-93. PMID 19622817

Wisniewski T, Konietzko U. Amyloid-beta immunisation for Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2008;7(9):805-11. PMID 18667360

Yan R, Vassar R. Targeting the β secretase BACE1 for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Lancet Neurol 2014;13(3):319-29. PMID 24556009

We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode’s original release date.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities. Episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.

Originally released: May 30, 2019

Since January 1, 2019, there have been nearly 900 confirmed measles cases across 24 states in the United States. This is 10 times greater than the number of cases in the US 3 years ago, and it is the largest outbreak the US has seen since 1994. The month of May also marks the first reported case of measles in the state of Pennsylvania, where BrainWaves is produced. So this week on the program, Jim Siegler speaks with Dr. Erika Mejia (pediatrician) about the medical and sociopolitical triggers for this outbreak, the misconceptions of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, and finally, what you can do to keep measles from "going viral."*

Produced by James E Siegler and Erika Mejia. Music courtesy of Advent Chamber Orchestra, Coldnoise, Josh Woodward, Kevin McLeod, and Lee Roosevere. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter (now X) @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast.

REFERENCES

Bester JC. Measles and measles vaccination: a review. JAMA Pediatr 2016;170(12):1209-15. PMID 27695849

Bester JC. Not a matter of parental choice but of social justice obligation: children are owed measles vaccination. Bioethics 2018;32(9):611-19. PMID 30229958

Campbell H, Andrews N, Brown KE, Miller E. Review of the effect of measles vaccination on the epidemiology of SSPE. Int J Epidemiol 2007;36(6):1334-48. PMID 18037676

Fournet N, Mollema L, Ruijs WL, et al. Under-vaccinated groups in Europe and their beliefs, attitudes and reasons for non-vaccination; two systematic reviews. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):196. PMID 29378545

Maglione MA, Das L, Raaen L, et al. Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization of U.S. children: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2014;134(2):325-37. PMID 25086160

Murch SH, Anthony A, Casson DH, et al. Retraction of an interpretation. Lancet 2004;363(9411):750. PMID 15016483

Perry RT, Halsey NA. The clinical significance of measles: a review. J Infect Dis 2004;189 Suppl 1:S4-16. PMID 15106083

Poland GA, Jacobson RM. The age-old struggle against the antivaccinationists. N Engl J Med 2011;364(2):97-9. PMID 21226573

Trump’s tweet:  https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/449525268529815552?lang=en 

*Truth be told, measles claims the lives of 100,000 people around the globe every year. It has already gone viral. This was just a figure of speech.

We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode’s original release date.

MedLink Neurology Podcast is delighted to feature selected episodes from BrainWaves, courtesy of James E Siegler MD, its originator and host. BrainWaves is an academic audio podcast whose mission is to educate medical providers through clinical cases and topical reviews in neurology, medicine, and the humanities. Episodes originally aired from 2016 to 2021.

Originally released: May 16, 2019

It would be an understatement to say that endovascular thrombectomy has revolutionized acute stroke management. As of 2018, the American Heart Association recommends treatment up to 24 hours after time last seen normal for select patients. This week on the BrainWaves podcast, Dr. Tudor Jovin--PI for the DAWN and REVASCAT clinical trials--summarizes the history of thrombectomy trials and what it is about our current strategies that have breathed new life into a technique that has historically fizzled.

Produced by James E Siegler and Jesse Thon. Music courtesy of Cuicuitte, Coldnoise, Medyn, Jon Watts, Lee Rosevere, and Mystery Mammal. Sound effects by Mike Koenig and Daniel Simion. BrainWaves' podcasts and online content are intended for medical education only and should not be used for clinical decision-making. Be sure to follow us on Twitter (now X) @brainwavesaudio for the latest updates to the podcast.

REFERENCES

Campbell BC, Majoie CB, Albers GW, et al. Penumbral imaging and functional outcome in patients with anterior circulation ischaemic stroke treated with endovascular thrombectomy versus medical therapy: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data. Lancet Neurol 2019;18(1):46-55. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol 2019 Mar;18(3):e2. PMID 30413385

Goyal M, Menon BK, van Zwam WH, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet 2016;387(10029):1723-31. PMID 26898852

Gross BA, Jadhav AP, Jankowitz BT, Jovin TG. The ongoing revolution in thrombectomy: expanding inclusion criteria to larger cores. World Neurosurg 2018;120:393-94. PMID 30292027

Heit JJ, Wintermark M. Perfusion computed tomography for the evaluation of acute ischemic stroke: strengths and pitfalls. Stroke 2016;47(4):1153-8. PMID 26965849

Jadhav AP, Molyneaux BJ, Hill MD, Jovin TG. Care of the post-thrombectomy patient. Stroke 2018;49(11):2801-07. PMID 30355218

Konstas AA, Goldmakher GV, Lee TY, Lev MH. Theoretic basis and technical implementations of CT perfusion in acute ischemic stroke, part 2: technical implementations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30(5):885-92. PMID 19299489

Nogueira RG, Jadhav AP, Haussen DC, et al. Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct. N Engl J Med 2018;378(1):11-21. PMID 29129157

Román LS, Menon BK, Blasco J, et al. Imaging features and safety and efficacy of endovascular stroke treatment: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data. Lancet Neurol 2018;17(10):895-904. PMID 30264728

We believe that the principles expressed or implied in the podcast remain valid, but certain details may be superseded by evolving knowledge since the episode’s original release date.