This chapter explores Mexico's transformation in the 21st century, from the fall of the PRI's absolute rule to the rise of democracy, the devastating drug war, economic shifts, and social justice movements. It examines key political transitions, including the presidencies of Vicente Fox, Felipe Calderón, Enrique Peña Nieto, and Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO), the impact of NAFTA, the Zapatista rebellion, and the ongoing fight against cartel violence and corruption. As Mexico navigates challenges in human rights, economic inequality, and U.S. relations, the country stands at a crossroads—facing uncertainty but also immense potential for the future.

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