What makes this story powerful is when we understand some of the cultural dynamics behind the story. Both the younger son and the father acted contrary to their Jewish culture.
It was expected even demanded that children would stay with their families to work the land and care for their parents. So for the younger son to ask for his inheritance was completely unheard of, it was greatly offensive to the father. It was an insult and shameful to ask for the inheritance. It was like saying to the father I wish you were dead. However, it was even more out of character that the father would agree to give him the inheritance. Any other father would have told the son your out of your mind, get back to work.
This would have been a land-based economy. A family’s wealth would have been their land. The land would have been sacred. So, the father would have divided the land gave the younger son his portion which he promptly sold again a great insult to the father, one’s whole life and identity was tied to the land. To sell the land was to completely reject one’s family identity. He then took the money squandered it away in the foreign land. So, for the father to receive the young son back with such a welcome would have been a grace filled moment, a moment of scandalous grace.
This parable would have been shocking to the Jesus’ hearers, it would have been so out of character to be almost unbelievable.
In the Parable of the Prodigal Son Jesus is addressing the Pharisees who are complaining about him welcoming and eating with sinners. In this parable preachers usually focus on the younger son or the father. We like to identify with the younger son, that regardless of how far we have strayed the father will welcome us home. In light of the context, I believe the older son is the main character in this story. The older son represents the Pharisees. He will not go in to the party for his younger brother. He does not approve of his brother’s behavior not of the father’s acceptance. The parable ends and we are left wondering if the older son ever went into the party. The takes great courage to be welcoming!