In this episode, Anthony Alberino and Andrew Payne critically interact with one of the most popular and philosophically sophisticated attempts to reconcile God’s sovereignty with human libertarian freedom: Molinism. We’ve already considered the Thomistic “Dual Sources” view with Dr. Matthews Grant, and in the last episode we examined Open Theism. Now, we look at Molinism — a view originating with the 16th-century Jesuit Luis de Molina and defended today by leading philosophers such as Alvin Plantinga, William Lane Craig, and Thomas Flint. Molinism hinges on the idea of middle knowledge: God’s knowledge of what any possible free creature would do in any possible circumstance. By appealing to middle knowledge, Molinists argue that God can sovereignly order the world while preserving genuine human freedom.

In this discussion, we:

• Explain Molina’s distinction between natural knowledge, middle knowledge, and free knowledge.
• Show how middle knowledge is supposed to secure both meticulous providence and libertarian free will.
• Explore why Molinism has been attractive to many theologians and philosophers, particularly within Arminian circles.
• Critically engage key challenges to Molinism, including the grounding objection, the tension with libertarian freedom, and problems related to divine aseity, simplicity, and sovereignty.
• Compare Molinism with both Open Theism and classical theism to see whether it truly resolves the tension between divine providence and human agency.

Does Molinism succeed where other views fail? Or does it compromise God’s ultimacy and the very nature of freedom? Join us as we unpack and critically examine this influential theological model.