In this episode we interview ethnochoreologist Megan Morais and Warlpiri women and translators Janet Nakamarra Long and Helen Napurrurla Morton about their research in the early 1980s on yawulyu, women’s ceremony in Willowra. This research has led to a recent book publication that they have co-authored where the songs and artistic designs are described and illustrated as a way to return them to community. The episode starts with an outline of yawulyu interspersed with lengthy audio excerpts to give you a good feel for how it sounds and unfolds in real time. This is followed by interviews with Janet, Helen and then Megan where they talk about their experience of Willowra, Megan’s fieldwork, the recent repatriation and the book and the importance of yawulyu to Warlpiri identity and connection to Country.
Most of the verses featured in this episode are referred to in the book publication mentioned above. The title of the book is Yawulyu: Art and Song in Warlpiri Women’s Ceremony and it is co-authored by Megan, Janet, Helen, other Walrpiri women and ethnomusicologist Myfany Turpin. The full list of authors is given below in the list of references.
The book includes QR codes with links to audio examples deposited on PARADISEC. Note that the audio examples on PARADISEC comprise multiple recordings deposited at AIATSIS. We have included relevant info to both these archives to enhance findability.
Book details:
Morais, M. J. (Megan Jones); Martin, Lucy Nampijinpa; Martin, Peggy Nampijinpa; Martin, Marilyn Nampijinpa; Martin, Leah Nampijinpa; Morton, Helen Napurrurla; Long, Janet Nakamarra; Kitson, Maisie Napaljarri; O'Keefe, Maureen Jipyiliya Nampijinpa; Long, Clarrie Kemarr; Presley, Jeannie Nampijinpa; Brown, Marjorie Nampijinpa; Williams, Selina, Napanangka; Turpin, Myfany, 2025. Yawulyu : Art and Song in Warlpiri Women's Ceremony, Aboriginal Studies Press.
All other references listed further down.
Image: Lady Nampijinpa and Kuliliya Napaljarri dancing taken by Megan Morais in 1981-2.
Audio excerpts in order of appearance
(timecode in podcast, song (i.e. verse) title, song number, page number from book, full song text and translations)
01:26-03:00
Wirliya wirliyanpa kujurnu (Song 1, p. 70 Song 81, p. 161)
Words (as spoken): Wirliya wirliyanpa kujurnu Wirliyajarrayirla
Words (as sung): Wirliya wirliyanpa kujurna wirliya jarrayirla
Translation: You cast aside the foot at Wirliyajarrayirla (Willowra)
---
Ngarnalkurru Jukurrpa song-set recording, DJ_M01-019524 sung by Ruth Nungarrayi, Molly Nungarrayi, Nellie Nungarrayi, Lady Nampijinpa, Molly Nampijinpa, Carol Nangala, Mary Nangala, Rosie Napangardi, Agnes Napanangka, Betty Napanangka, Lady Napaljarri, Maudie Napaljarri and Ivy Napaljarri.
15:26-19:35
Kanali-kanali (Song 6, p. 75)
Words (as spoken): kanali-kanali | larra-jarajara
Words (as sung): kanali-kanalay | larra-jarajara
Translation: The ceremonial poles slide along the ground
Lima-lima kartarrara (Song 49, p 123)
Words (as spoken): lima-lima kartarrara | kurralyiyalyiya kartarrirra
Words (as sung): Lima-lima kartarrirra | kurralyiyalyiya kartarrirray
Translation unknown
Karnta-karnta-wurru pardinya (Song 45, p. 119)
Words (as spoken): karntakarnta-wurru yarlparirri pardinya | kurralyiyalyiya yarlparirri-pardinya
Words (as sung): karntakarnta-wirri yarlparirri pardinya | kurralyiyalyiya yarlparirri-pardinya
Tr. Lots of ancestral women are dancing
29:28-33:04
Karnta-karnta-wurru (cont’d from previous excerpt)
36:14-42:03
Milpaku jintaku jarra-pardinya (Song 53, p. 127)
Laji marta marta | milpaku jintaku | jarra pardinya | jarra pardinya
Laji marta martaylay | mipangkay-jintangkay | jarraw pardinyay | jarraw pardinyay |
Tr. The dried dogwood seeds, one was flaming red
Napana-napanarlu (Song 54, p. 127)
Words (as spoken): Napana | Napanarlu || malpa kuntarlu | pilyaly-kujurnu ||
Words (as sung) Napana | Napana | rlay || Milpakurn-ta-rlay | pilyalyan | kijani | nya ||
Tr. The Napanangka ancestral women Shamefully scattered all the dogwood seeds
44:11-50:21
Napana-napanarlu (cont’d from previous excerpt)
Manpijipijirli Yinkartapirrinyi (song 55, p. 128)
Words (as spoken): yunkartapirriniya | yartu-wangkanya | yartu-wangkanya |
Manpijipijirli | | yartu-wangkanya | yartu-wangkanya |
Words (as sung): yankarta pirrinyi | yati-wangkirrinya | yati-wangkirrinya |
Manpijapijarli | | yati-wangkirrinya | yati-wangkirrinya |
Translation unknown (place names)
Third song unknown
01:07:44-01:08:46
Parrarla
Ngurlulu parrarlan tiya tiya
From book Jardiwanpa yawulyu : Warlpiri women's songs from Yuendumu (full details in reference list)
01:17:42-01:20:50
Wirliya wirliyanpa kujurnu (details above in first audio excerpt)
01:09:44-01:12:44
Ngapa Jukurrpa song-set recording DJ_M01-019519 by Millie Nangala, Cathy Nangala Simpson, Molly Nungarrayi, Maudie Nungarrayi and Ruth Nungarrayi on the 13th of May 1982,
Kajara-kajara (84, p. 167)
Words (as spoken): kajara kajara yarrapu-wantinya | milpirri yarrapu-wantinya ||
Words (as sung): kajara kajara yarrapantinya | milpirri yarrapantinya ||
Tr. Receding wispy clouds fade away in the distance, rain clouds fade away in the distance
Jamparti marr-mani (Song 85, p. 167)
Words (as spoken): jampartiyi maarr-mani maarr-mani
Words (as sung): jamparti marrmani marrmani ||
Tr. The lightning is flashing
References
Curran, G., 2020. Sustaining Indigenous Songs: Contemporary Warlpiri ceremonial life in Central Australia. Berghahn Books.
Curran, G., Martin, B.N. and Barwick, L., 2024. Minamina yawulyu: Musical change from the 1970s through to the 2010s. Vitality and Change in Warlpiri Songs, edited by Curran, G. L. Barwick, V.N. Martin, S.J.Fisher and N.Peterson, pp.107–144. Sydney University Press & PAW Media & Communications, Sydney & Yuendumu.
Disbray, S., 2017. ‘Why more schools need to teach bilingual education to Indigenous children’. The Conversation, June 16, 2017, <<https://theconversation.com/why-more-schools-need-to-teach-bilingual-education-to-indigenous-children-79435>> accessed 12 May 2026.
Gallagher, Coral Napangardi & Brown, Peggy Nampijinpa & Curran, Georgia & Martin, Barbara Napanangka. 2014. Jardiwanpa yawulyu : Warlpiri women's songs from Yuendumu. Batchelor Press, Batchelor, NT.
Laughren, Mary Napaljarri, Jeannie Nungarrayi Egan, Marlurrku Paddy Patrick Jangala, Robert Hoogenraad, David Nash and Jane Simpson. 2022. Warlpiri Encyclopaedic Dictionary: Warlpiri yimi-kirli manu jaru-kurlu. Aboriginal Studies Press Canberra.
Laughren, M. (1982). Warlpiri kinship structure. Oceania Linguistic Monographs, 24, 72-85.
Morais, M.J., 2021. Documenting the Dreaming: Designs and Songs of the Present, in the Past, for the Future. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 22(2-3), pp.119-139.
Turpin, Myfany & Laughren, Mary. (2013) Edge Effects in Warlpiri Yawulyu Songs: Resyllabification, Epenthesis, Final Vowel Modification. Australian Journal of Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 4, 399–425, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268602.2013.857569
Turpin, M. (2022). End Rhyme in Aboriginal Sung Poetry. Rhyme and Rhyming in Verbal Art, Language, and Song, 25, 213.
Credits
Music!Dance!Culture! is produced by Georgia Curran and Mahesh White-Radhakrishnan, this episode co-produced with Janet Nakamarra Long, Helen Napurrurla Morton and Megan Morais, theme music by Mahesh remixed by Arian Pearson, transitions by Mahesh and Alexis Weaver. Special thanks to Janet Nakamarra Long, Helen Napurrurla Morton, Megan Morais, Myfany Turpin, Mary Laughren, Sudiipta Dowsett, Felicity Meakins, Evelyn Quispe, Jennifer White-Radhakrishnan, Sydney Conservatorium of Music, PARADISEC, AIATSIS, Australian Anthropological Society, The University of Queensland, our reviewers, beta listeners and supporters.
Glossary
Jukurrpa - a timeless creational moment (Dreaming)
kirda - owner for ceremonies and Country inherited from one’s father
kurdungurlu - manager for ceremonies and Country inherited from one’s mother
Kurdiji - a large-scale community ceremony through which teenage boys become men
Kankarlu - a secondary stage of advanced initiatory education no longer held in Warlpiri communities, often translated as ‘high school’ (literally means ‘high’)
ngulajuku - that’s all (finished)
ngurlu - edible seeds
ngurrju - good
yapa - Aboriginal person
yurlpu (yurlpa) - red ochre
yuwayi -yes