Early we pointed out that the 1848 European revolutions was a series of politicak upheavals against the dominat autocracies in Central Europe led by Austria since 1815 after the Vienna Congress.

After the February 1848 revolution in France the series spread to other states including the 38 states in German and Italy.

Lets us listen the factors for the 1848 revolution in German and Italy. Just be read to jot down the points. Thanks a lot.

Nassoro Habib M Msonde.

The February 1848 French revolution marked the beginning of a wave of series of revolutions in Europe that spread out to Austria through the March 1848 demonstrations in Vienna. Then spread to all parts of Europe except Britain, the Ottoman Turkish Empire, Russia and the Netherlands. Just listen here. Thank you for your listening.

Nassoro Habib Mbwana Msonde (B.A. Ed & M.A DS)

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The 1848 Euroepan Revolution had well been explained in the previous Episode No. 11. b) for its causes. It was a political upheaval conducted by liberals who later proved a total failure towards the unification of states and establishing democracy in Europe.

The revolutions occured in Europe, eapecially in France, Denmark, Italy, Germany etc. except Britain, The Netherlands, Ottoman Empire and Russia. Hereundet, lets us see the aftermaths of the revolution in Europe and the world.

The 1848 Eropean revolutions was a series of political upheavals conducted by liberal revolutionaries including the entrepreneurs, workers, and professionals against the existing autocracies under the control of the Austrian Habsburg since 1815.

The revolutions started in France in February 1848, the March Austrian demonstrations spread to German, Denmark, Italy, the Greece etc with the exceptional of Britain, the Netherlands, Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

Just welcome and listen to enjoy

The 1848 European Revolutions can be remarked as a series of political upheavals in all parts of Europe with the exception of Britain, Russia, The Netherlands, and Ottoman Turkish Empire. The revolutions started with the February 1848 French revolution, followed by the Austrian revolution known as the March 1848 revolution against Prince Klemens von Metternich aristocratic rule representing feudal absolutism in Central Europe.

Just here let's us get the causes for the revolution all over Europe then we'll analyse the causes and effects of the revolutions in Germany and Italy.

Just be ready to enjoy in reference to my book, A Revised History for Advanced Level and Colleges, Part Two. Just Google Nassoro Having to view the books.

Yeah, we have to remember that military alliences were not experienced in Europe before 1870. The period of achievement in industrialisation took its course during the second phase of industrial revolution as an outcome of different factors including the London Exhibition of 1851 which transformed other European powers.

Remember, the 1848 waves of European revolutions were not triumph in forming democratic nations against the Metternich Austrian Habsburg Empire that controlled Central Europe since 1815 as an outcome of the Vienna Congress. Yeah, the rise of unification process and nationalism was yhe beginning of militarisation and creation of alliences system from 1873. Okay, just go ahead by listerning the following Episode.

With much respect

Nassoro Habib Mbwana

https://t.me/leadershipandmanagementskills

Tanzania, the United Republic of (URT, is the East African country that has a very significant history along the coast of the region. The URT, represent the union of two countries with the same historical background, Tanzanian Mainland, the former Tanganyika and the Achipelago Islands of Unguja and Pemba (Zanzibar).

At the time of independence, both Tanganyika and Zanzibar were under the British colonial supremacy headed by the Queen as the Head of Commonwealth states. Tanganyika under the late, Pres. Mwl. Julias Kambarage Nyerere of TANU received independence earlier than any East African country. Zanzibar, received her independence in December 1963, the new government was under the Al-Busaidy Sultan, Jamshid bin Abdallah bin Al-Saidi and his Prime Minoster Mohammed Shamte.

In January 12, 1964 the Busaidy sultanate was overthrown by a revolutionary leader, Ugandan, John Okello, Field Marshall. Then, Afro-Shiraz Party led by Sheikh Abedi Aman Karume was advantageous for majority rule in the Islands.

Thus, with significant historical background and reasons the two, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged in April 26, 1964 to form the URT. The first President was Mwl Julias Kambarage Nyerere and his first Vice Preaident, Sheikh Abedi Amani Karume, at the same was the President of a Revolutionary Givernment of Zanzibar (SMZ).

Thereafter, some constitutional changes had been considerably made since 1977 to 1977 for political and socio-econimic development. These can be seen briefly as indicated below for preliminary knowledge and discussio. Furthere more, from 1977 to 1992 some constitutional amendments have been made ending with re-introducing multiparty emocratic system of government. This can be briefly mentioned in part of the question i.e. 9(b).

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On its background, African socialism was introduced after the gaining of independence from the colonial masters in 1960s and 1980s. With a varieties and philosophies of African Socialism i.e. consciencism in Ghana, Negritude in Senegal, Authentism in Congo-Zaire, Humanism in Zambia, Ujamaa Familyhood in Tanzania and Common Man's Charter by Milton Obote in Uganda.

It had been believed that African socialism was present before the coming of white colonialism. The late Pres. Nyerere, Dr. Nkrumah and others had a belief that Africans were traditionally socialists before the coming of European colonial exploitation. So, it was a task for the independent African leaders to revive African socialism imediately after independence.

N.B.

All these had been discussed in my books, 'A Revised History for Advanced Level and Colleges - Part Two', (2015), published by Xlibris International Publishers, London, UK.

TODAY, 19-1-2019 I'm providing this part of knowledge as a Saturday Gift Giving (Offer) to my students and my fellow teachers.

Visit us at YouTube, Facebook, Instagram by clicking an invitation link or google Online Advanced Learning Strayegy for various discussions.

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The Soviet Union or Union of Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed after the Russian Empire by the second Soviet president, Joseph Stalin in 1924. Until 1953 under Stalin the USSR was the second giant nation after USA.

Originally, USSR raised after the October 1917 socialist revolution done by the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov (Lenin) overthrowing Prime Minister of the provincial gov.which had combined the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks after overthrowing Tsar Nicholus II in the March Russian revolution.

Before 1917, Russia was a poorly semi-capitalist state as transformes from feudalism since 1860 when the serfs were freed by the Emancipation of Serfs Act in 1861. Since 1861, the serfs were denied their rights while poverty was increasing. Poverty was accelerated when the Tsarist regime forcefully entered the First World War. Now, the Bolsheviks (socialists) and Mensheviks (white minority, capitalists).

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So, from 1945 the Soviet Union started to disintegrate due to some reasons but after the death of Pres. Stalin in 1953 the elements agaisnt communism started to appear. The rise of Mikhail Gorbachev into power in 1985 brought the Soviet Union and world socialism into an end. The collapse of USSR left the USA as the only leading capitalist state with ambition of global domination

The Soviet Union or Union of Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed after the Russian Empire by the second Soviet president, Joseph Stalin in 1924. Until 1953 under Stalin the USSR was the second giant nation after USA.

Originally, USSR raised after the October 1917 socialist revolution done by the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov (Lenin) overthrowing Prime Minister of the provincial gov.which had combined the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks after overthrowing Tsar Nicholus II in the March Russian revolution.

Before 1917, Russia was a poorly semi-capitalist state as transformes from feudalism since 1860 when the serfs were freed by the Emancipation of Serfs Act in 1861. Since 1861, the serfs were denied their rights while poverty was increasing. Poverty was accelerated when the Tsarist regime forcefully entered the First World War. Now, the Bolsheviks (socialists) and Mensheviks (white minority, capitalists).

**********

So, from 1945 the Soviet Union started to disintegrate due to some reasons but after the death of Pres. Stalin in 1953 the elements agaisnt communism started to appear. The rise of Mikhail Gorbachev into power in 1985 brought the Soviet Union and world socialism into an end. The collapse of USSR left the USA as the only leading capitalist state with ambition of global domination