NEETMEDICALGK

The superficial fascia of the scalp is firm, dense, fibroadipose, and

closely adherent to the skin and to the underlying muscle, epicranius

and the epicranial aponeurosis. Posteriorly, the fascia is continuous

with the superficial fascia of the back of the neck, and laterally it is

prolonged into the temporal region, where it is looser in texture. Three

fascial layers (a subcutaneous fibroadipose tissue, a superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) and the parotid–masseteric fascia) are recognized on the face superficial to the plane of the facial nerve and its

branches. On the lateral side of the head, above the zygomatic arch, the

temporoparietal fascia lies in the same plane as, but does not blend

with, the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system. It is superficial to the

temporal fascia and blends superiorly with the epicranial aponeurosis.

The parotid gland is surrounded by a fibrous capsule derived from the

deep cervical fascia.

On the morning of 14 July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of

alarm. The king had commanded troops to move into the city. Rumours

spread that he would soon order the army to open fire upon the citizens.

Some 7,000 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and

decided to form a peoplesí militia. They broke into a number of

government buildings in search of arms.

Finally, a group of several hundred people marched towards the eastern

part of the city and stormed the fortress-prison, the Bastille, where they

hoped to find hoarded ammunition. In the armed fight that followed,

the commander of the Bastille was killed and the prisoners released ñ

though there were only seven of them. Yet the Bastille was hated by all,

because it stood for the despotic power of the king. The fortress was

demolished and its stone fragments were sold in the markets to all

those who wished to keep a souvenir of its destruction.

The days that followed saw more rioting both in Paris and the

countryside. Most people were protesting against the high price of bread.

Much later, when historians looked back upon this time, they saw it as

the beginning of a chain of events that ultimately led to the execution

of the king in France, though most people at the time did not anticipate

this outcome. How and why did this happen?Can politics change the clothes people wear, the language they speak

or the books they read? The years following 1789 in France saw many

such changes in the lives of men, women and children. The

revolutionary governments took it upon themselves to pass laws that

would translate the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice.

One important law that came into effect soon after the storming of

the Bastille in the summer of 1789 was the abolition of censorship. In

the Old Regime all written material and cultural activities ñ books,

newspapers, plays ñ could be published or performed only after they

had been approved by the censors of the king. Now the Declaration

of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed freedom of speech and

expression to be a natural right. Newspapers, pamphlets, books and

printed pictures flooded the towns of France from where they

travelled rapidly into the countryside. They all described and discussed

the events and changes taking place in France. Freedom of the press

also meant that opposing views of events could be expressed. Each

side sought to convince the others of its position through the medium

of print. Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers

of people. This was one way they could grasp and identify with ideas

such as liberty or justice that political philosophers wrote about at

length in texts which only a handful of educated people could read.The French Revolution was a period of major social upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It sought to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power.The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette.The definition of the French Revolution is an uprising in France against the monarchy from 1789 to 1799 which resulted in the establishment of France as a republic. An example of the French Revolution is the storming of the Bastille by the French citizens.The ideals of the French Revolution are Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.After Napoleon abdicated as emperor in March 1814, Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI, was installed as king and France was granted a quite generous peace settlement, restored to its 1792 boundaries and not required to pay war indemnity.The French Revolution of 1789 was a key turning point in the history of France and indeed a good portion of Europe as well. Hastened by Enlightenment philosophies, the revolution.

The hypoglossal nerve is one of 12 cranial nerves. It's also known as the 12th cranial nerve, cranial nerve 12 or CNXII. This nerve starts at the base of your brain. It travels down your neck and branches out, ending at the base and underside of your tongue.

The accessory nerve is the eleventh paired cranial nerve. It has a purely somatic motor function, innervating the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.This nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, which have the following functions: Rotation of head away from the side of the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle. Tilting of the head toward the contracting sternocleidomastoid muscle. Flexion of the neck by both sternocleidomastoid muscles.The Spinal Accessory Nerve (SAN) or Cranial Nerve 11 is termed a cranial nerve as it was originally believed to originate in the brain. It has both a cranial and a spinal part, though debate still rages regarding if the cranial part is really a part of the SAN or part of the vagus nerve.

Vagus nerve, also called X cranial nerve or 10th cranial nerve, longest and most complex of the cranial nerves. The vagus nerve runs from the brain through the face and thorax to the abdomen. It is a mixed nerve that contains parasympathetic fibres.

The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth set of 12 cranial nerves (CN IX). It provides motor, parasympathetic and sensory information to your mouth and throat. Among its many functions, the nerve helps raise part of your throat, enabling swallowing.

The vestibulocochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve) is a sensory nerve. It is made up of two nerves, the cochlear, which transmits sound and the vestibular which controls balance.

The facial nerve is the 7th cranial nerve and carries nerve fibers that control facial movement and expression. The facial nerve also carries nerves that are involved in taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and producing tears (lacrimal gland).Intracranial branchesGreater petrosal nerve, communicating branch with otic ganglion, nerve to stapedius, chorda tympaniExtracranial branchesPosterior auricular nerve, branch to posterior digastric belly, branch to stylohyoid muscle, temporal branch, zygomatic branch, buccal branch, marginal mandibular branch, cervical branch.Field of innervationMotor: facial expression muscles, posterior belly of digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, stapedius muscle

Special sensory: taste from anterior two-thirds of the tongue

Parasympathetic: submandibular gland, sublingual gland, lacrimal glandsClinical relationsPalsy, inferior medial pontine syndome.

Abducent nerve: 6th cranial nerve : Gray's anatomy It's also known as the abducens nerve. This condition causes problems with eye movement. The sixth cranial nerve sends signals to your lateral rectus muscle. This is a small muscle that attaches to the outer side of your eye. When this muscle contracts, your eye moves away from your nose.

The trigeminal nerve is the part of the nervous system responsible for sending pain, touch and temperature sensations from your face to your brain. It's a large, three-part nerve in your head that provides sensation. One section called the mandibular nerve involves motor function to help you chew and swallow.each of the fifth and largest pair of cranial nerves, supplying the front part of the head and dividing into the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves.

The nerve has three divisions: the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves (Figure 61.1). The innervation includes the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye; mucosa of the sinuses, nasal and oral cavities; and dura of the middle, anterior, and part of the posterior cranial fossae.