After Paul described the amazing relationship the Ephesians had with God through Jesus, he recalled their former state. Before Jesus, they were dead (Gr. nekros, ‘dead/corpse’) in the waythey lived their lives. This meant that all their actions—even things they or their culture considered ‘good’—was valueless before God. ‘Good’ is subjective to people, but objective to God!Paul described their actions as trespasses (Gr. paraptōmasin, ‘to fall away, deviate’) against God’s written laws, and sins (Gr. hamartiais, ‘failure to hit the mark’), which are violations of God’s overall moral standards that all people are aware of (Rom. 2:14, 15). Nothing helps you appreciate where you are, like looking back at where you’ve been!