The global wellness industry is a 6.8-trillion-dollar business — more than four times the size of global pharma — and it runs on supplements. But how much of it actually has evidence behind it?

In Episode 14 of Overheard in the Emergency Room, Dr Adrian Cois — a board-certified Emergency Physician — walks through the published systematic reviews and meta-analyses for the nine most common supplements of 2026. Which ones have genuine evidence? Which ones are selling you a story? And how should you make decisions in a regulatory environment where, under DSHEA, supplements do not have to be proven safe or effective before they hit the shelf?

The episode is anchored by two clinical stories: a coworker asking whether any supplement will stop her from getting sick, and an older man on Social Security spending his limited income on a herbal product while eating free meals at a senior centre.

In between, Dr Cois breaks down creatine, vitamin D, omega-3, magnesium, and multivitamins — the five with reasonable evidence — and then takes apart NMN, berberine, collagen, and "detox" supplements — four with very thin evidence and very large marketing budgets.

The episode also takes on the February 2026 FDA peptide reclassification, explains why BPC-157's evidence base is 35 rat studies and one uncontrolled case series, and closes with a blinded randomised-trial comparison between the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID vaccine trial and the retatrutide phase 2 obesity trial — revealing why influencers who dismissed the first while promoting the second are holding incoherent evidentiary standards.

•  Supplements are Tier 2 by definition. They cannotsubstitute for diet, movement, sleep, stress management, and a primary carephysician.

•  Five supplements with reasonable evidence in specificpopulations: creatine (resistance training), vitamin D (deficiency, older adults, prediabetes, pregnancy), omega-3 (specific cardiovascular contexts), magnesium (blood pressure, migraines), multivitamins (older adults with imperfect diets).

•  Four with large marketing and small evidence: NMN, berberine (outside metabolic syndrome), collagen, and "detox" protocols.

•  The BPC-157 evidence base is 35 preclinical animal studies and one uncontrolled case series in 12 humans. Reclassification by the FDA in 2026 restored access; it did not validate evidence.

•  The three-question cabinet audit: Is there a medical reason? Can I name the evidence? What could this money do elsewhere?

Note: Final timestamps to be filled in after recording. Use the YouTube chapter block above as the master, then synchronise to Spotify.

Companion blog post with full references, evidence tables, and clinician-facing notes at drcois.com.

Educational content only. Not medical advice. Always consult your own physician before starting, stopping, or modifying any supplement or medication regimen.

A 35-year-old patient walked into my Emergency Department with diverticulitis — and told me he was eating 2.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day because he heard it on a podcast. He had rearranged his entire diet around a number that was never meant for him, and in doing so, had displaced the exact foods that would have protected him from the diagnosis he was sitting in front of me with.

This episode is the conversation that case deserved. We walk through where the 0.8 g/kg RDA actually came from, why it's a floor rather than a target, and what the real evidence says about protein intake across three distinct populations — healthy adults, athletes, and adults over 65. We cover the landmark Harvard cohort data on plant versus animal protein, the controlled trial showing habitual vegans and omnivores build identical muscle when protein is matched, and the 2025 meta analysis that delivers the single most important finding for your grandparents: protein without resistance training does nothing.

Along the way, we break down three myths — the "war on protein," the "plant protein is inferior" claim, and the "more is always better" fallacy — and flag the manipulation tactics behind each one.

By the end of this episode, you'll know exactly how much protein you need based on your goals, where it should come from, and why none of it matters without the weights.

•      Healthy adults maintaining muscle: 1.0–1.2 g/kg/day

•      Adults resistance training: 1.2–1.6 g/kg/day

•      Adults over 65: 1.0–1.5 g/kg/day, always with resistance training

•      Prioritise plant sources; animal protein as a complement, not the foundation

•      Protein without resistance training does not prevent sarcopenia

For the full reference list, companion blog post, and free resistance training programme templates, visit DrCois.com. If this episode was useful, please share it with someone who's rearranged their diet around a protein number they never needed.

Next episode: supplements — what works, what doesn't, and how to tell the difference.

I was running through Forest Park in Portland when the thought hit me. No headphones. Wind in the trees. A creek below the trail. And then, out of nowhere: my two boys might never get to hear this if we let climate change go unchecked.

I remember thinking: I’m just an Emergency Room doctor. What can I do about this?

It turns out — quite a lot. And in this episode, Dr Cois — Emergency Physician and creator of drcois.com — walks you through the evidence, the framework, and the action.

 In this episode:

 --- The clinical disease burden of climate change: air pollution (9 million premature deaths annually), heatwaves (14,800 excess deaths in France in 2003 alone), wildfire smoke, zoonotic infectious disease, and natural disasters — with real emergency department data throughout

--- The equity layer: why minority communities, low-income populations, the very old and the very young absorb the greatest burden — and why this belongs in our clinical frame 

--- The healthcare sector’s own footprint: 8.5% of US national greenhouse gas emissions, the virtual interview carbon savings study from OHSU, and why every procurement decision is a climate decision 

--- Educate, Mitigate, Advocate: a practical, evidence-based framework for clinicians at every career stage — from the 30-second bedside conversation to tabletop disaster drills, QI sustainability cycles, and vendor contract negotiations

--- Diet and deforestation: the EAT-Lancet Commission, red meat, and the co-benefit of eating more plants — for your health and the planet 

--- Myth 1: EVs are more emissions-intensive than petrol cars — the cherry-picking technique explained, and what cradle-to-grave lifecycle data actually shows

--- Myth 2: Regenerative or grass-fed beef is a net environmental benefit — why false balance makes this sound reasonable, and why the full accounting doesn’t support the claim

--- Three things this month: for healthcare professionals and for the general public 

This is not a doomism episode. The physics of this problem is not on our side if we do nothing. But the evidence on what happens when communities and healthcare systems commit to action is genuinely hopeful. We just have to start.

There are no healthy humans onan unhealthy planet.

Let's chase fewer bad days and more gooddecades together.

Companion blog post + fullreferences at drcois.com

He walked into Bay Four holding eight pages of printed lab results. He was 43, fit, did CrossFit five times a week, and had spent real money on a direct-to-consumer “longevity subscription” panel. His LDL was 170 mg/dL — meaningfully high.

When I raised it, he told me it didn’t matter. His LDL fractionation showed mostly large, fluffy particles.

Those are the harmless kind. Right?

 Wrong. And in this episode, Dr Cois — Emergency Physician and creator of drcois.com — explains exactly why — and what the brand-new 2026 ACC/AHA Dyslipidemia Guideline actually says about it.

In this episode: 

--- How the USPSTF develops prevention guidelines: the 5-step evidence review, letter-graded recommendations, and why this is nothing like a social media hot take

--- The ADA’s 2026 Standards of Care: when to screen for prediabetes and diabetes, what HbA1c targets mean, and how lifestyle change cuts your risk of progression by 50%

--- The 2026 AHA/ACC Dyslipidemia Guideline — five major changes: restored LDL targets (100, 70, and 55 mg/dL by risk tier), the new PREVENT risk equations, Lp(a) screening for all adults, ApoB’s expanded role, and the shift to earlier intervention

--- Myth 1: Large fluffy LDL is harmless — what the prospective evidence actually shows, and why ApoB is the more important number

--- Myth 2: The “get your labs,b uy our supplements” model — why unregulated supplement recommendations from lab companies represent a structural conflict of interest

--- A plain-language guide to every blood test that matters in primary prevention: CBC, CMP, HbA1c, lipid panel, ApoB, Lp(a), TSH, vitamin D, B12, and iron — and how your Tier 1 habits move these numbers

--- What to ask your GP at your next appointment 

Your primary care physician is the original longevity expert. The USPSTF, the ADA, and the AHA have spent years in methodological rigour so that your doctor knows exactly which tests to run, when, and what to do with the results. That system is imperfect. But it is evidence-based, publicly accountable, and not trying to sell you a supplement.

Use it. 

Fewer bad days. More good decades.

Companion blog post + full references at drcois.com

She came in on the bus. An 84-year-old woman, independent antwenty years, wa her health for d diligent abouts sitting in my waiting room for four and a half hours with a blood pressure of 222 over 104. Her insurer had dropped her long-standing doctor. The next available appointmentwith a covered provider was five months away. She was on $60 a day. She couldn't afford to pay out of pocket. So her blood pressure medication lapsed.

This is preventable. It happens every week. And it is a direct consequence of how the US healthcare system is structured.

In this episode, Dr Cois — Emergency Physician and creator of drcois.com — breaks down why the US spends more on healthcare than any other nation and still ranks last on outcomes, and walks through three serious proposals to fix it: Medicare for All, the Trump Great Healthcare Plan, and the EMBRACE plan from Annals of Internal Medicine.

In this episode:

— Why the US pays $13,500 per person annually — twicepeer nations — for worse outcomes

— Five structural drivers of cost: fragmentation,high prices, fee-for-service, the uninsured, and monopolisation

— Medicare for All: the Lancet evidence, thetrade-offs, and the political barrier

— The Great Healthcare Plan: what the KFF analysissays about what it leaves unanswered

— EMBRACE: a tiered universal coverage model with anindependent governance board — and why it may be the most realistic pathforward

— Three healthcare reform myths busted with evidence:physician pay, VA quality, and the free market track record

— What you should do this week — clinically andpolitically

This is a Tier 1 issue. Pillar 5 of our blueprint,s that accessible. For too many Americans, it doesn't.

Fewer bad days. More good decades.

Companion blog post + full references at drcois.com

The gut microbiome is one of the most talked-about — and most misunderstood — topics in modern health. In this episode, Dr. Cois cuts through the noise with a clear, evidence-based breakdown of what your gut microbiome actually does, how to support it, and why some popular dietary trends may be doing more harm than good.

We start in the Emergency Department, where a 33-year-old woman with Crohn's disease arrived in crisis, after following carnivore diet advice she found on social media. It's a case that perfectly illustrates the gap between what the science shows and what goesv iral online.

In this episode:

• What the gut microbiome is and why microbial diversitymatters

• The gut-brain axis — the science behind how your gutaffects your mood, cognition, and mental health

• Short-chain fatty acids, butyrate, and why fibre is themost evidence-backed intervention for gut health

• Gut microbiome testing — what commercial stool testscan (and can't) tell you

• The evidence-based toolkit: fibre, fermented foods,exercise, sleep, and probiotics

• Misinformation Watch: applying the prebunking toolkitto the carnivore diet and the 'gut reset' claim

Compassionate, nuanced, and grounded in peer-reviewed science — this is the gut health episode you've been waiting for.

Free resources at DrCois.com   |  Follow along: @drcois

Overheard in the Emergency Room — fewer bad days, more good decades.

In this episode of *Overheard in the Emergency Room*, Dr. Adrian Cois breaks down one of the most misunderstood medical conditions in modern healthcare: obesity.
Starting with a real case from the Emergency Department, we explore why obesity is not a failure of willpower but a chronic, biologically regulated disease. Drawing from major clinical guidelines and landmark studies, this episode walksthrough the science of weight regulation, the role of hormones like leptin and ghrelin, and why the body actively resists weight loss.
You’ll also learn about the two‑tier framework for obesity treatment:
Tier 1 – Foundational lifestyle interventions including nutrition, exercise, sleep, stress management, and multidisciplinary care.
Tier 2 – Evidence‑based medical treatments such as GLP‑1 medications like semaglutide and tirzepatide, as well as bariatric surgery.
We examine the data from major randomized controlled trials including STEP‑1 and SURMOUNT‑1, discuss long‑term outcomes from bariatric surgery studies, and tackle an often overlooked issue: weight stigma in healthcare.
Finally, we break down common myths promoted by wellness influencers and show how to spot misinformation when it comes to weight loss.

If you want to understand the real science of obesity — and what evidence‑based treatment actually looks like — this episode is for you.
For free health resources and training guides visit:
DrCois.com
If you enjoyed this episode, please follow the show and share it with someone who wants fewer bad days and more good decades.

In this episode, Dr. Cois examines the science behind LDL cholesterol and heart disease. Through a real Emergency Room case, we explore how plaque forms, what ApoB means, why “lower for longer” matters, and how randomized trials have shaped modern prevention.
We also tackle common myths about saturated fat and statins — and explain how to spot misinformation online.
This is a data-driven, calm, evidence-based breakdown designed to help you makesmarter decisions about your health.
Learn more and download free resources at DrCois.com.

In this episode of Overheard in the Emergency Room, we break down metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes using a clear, evidence-based two-tier framework.
We cover:

• What metabolic health actually means• Why diabetes is so common in Australia and the U.S.• The real pathophysiology of insulin resistance• What the best meta-analyses show about diet and lifestyle• Medications like metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, and GLP‑1 receptor agonists• Prevention strategies that actually scale
No hype. No diet camps. Just evidence and practical action.
Visit www.drcois.com for free resources and episode notes.

A 75‑second guided box breathing reset you can use anytime your body feels stuck in fight‑or‑flight.
Inhale 3 • Hold 3 • Exhale 3 • Hold 3 (repeat).

Disclaimer:Educational content only; not medical advice. If you have severe symptoms (e.g., chest pain with exertion, fainting, severe shortness of breath, new neurologic symptoms, or thoughts of self-harm), seek urgent medical care or call your local emergency number.