In the late 16th to early 17th century, a medical movement saw a meteoric rise in popularity known as Paracelsianism. Based on the writings of a physician who had died in 1541, the movement developed quite a cult following, with many claiming Paracelsus was able to work miracles of healing. Debate over the legitimacy of Paracelsus’ work became so heated that some Europeans were executed just for owning on of his books. Shakespeare takes aim at this cultural divide in his play, Alls Well That Ends Well, when in Act II Scene 3, Lafeu and Parolles have a conversation about miracles, and arguments, with Lafeu saying “They say miracles are past; and we have our philosophical persons, to make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless.” Parolles calls this perspective the “the rarest argument of wonder that hath shot out in our latter times.” with Lafeu responding it is of “Both Galen and Paracelsus.” This scene is Shakespeare’s only use of the word Paracelsus, while Galen gets used elsewhere repeatedly, even alongside Hippocrates in Merry Wives of Windsor. As a reflection of the culture of his day, Shakespeare’s plays suggest that while Galen was the established foundation of medicine for this period, Paracelsus made a significant mark on the medical landscape. Here today to introduce us to Paracelsus, the medical movement launched by his followers, and what we should know about why Parolles would call this “The rarest argument of wonder” is our guest and author of “Renaissance Medicine“, Vivian Nutton.  

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