Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric Revolution

Participles


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  • (1) Latin has four participles: the present active, the future active; the perfect passive and the future passive. It lacks, however, a present passive participle (“being [verb]-ed”) and a perfect active participle (“having [verb]-ed”).
  • (2) The perfect passive, future active and future passive participles belong to first/second declension. The present active participle belongs to third declension.
  • (3) The verb esse has only a future active participle (futurus). It lacks both the present active and all passive participles.
  • (4) Participles show relative time. What are participles? At heart, participles are verbs which have been turned into adjectives. Thus, technically participles are “verbal adjectives.”
  • The first part of the word (parti-) means “part;” the second part (-cip-) means “take,” indicating that participles “partake, share” in the characteristics of both verbs and adjectives. In other words, the base of a participle is verbal, giving it some of the qualities of a verb, for instance,  -

    • tense: it can indicate when the action is happening (now or then or later; i.e. present, past or future);
    • conjugation: what thematic vowel will be used (e.g. -a- in first conjugation, -e- in second, and so on);
    • voice: whether the word it’s attached to is acting or being acted upon (i.e. active or passive);
    • And if it can express voice, then it must also be able to express expectation, in other words, will the participle be followed by a direct object (if so, it must be active) or an agent (if so, it must be passive)?
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      Latin in Layman’s - A Rhetoric RevolutionBy Liam Connerly

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