Past Present

On this week's Past Present podcast, Nicole Hemmer, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, and Neil Young discuss Star Wars, marriage and income inequality, and Tamir Rice.

Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:

• The Force Awakens is the latest entry in the Star Wars franchise. Niki argued that the optimistic Star Wars movies are a departure from the dystopian anxieties apparent in earlier science fiction films such as Godzilla and Them! which were responding to the nuclear age. Natalia remarked this Star Wars moment is taking place within our culture's current love affair with Wonder Woman, a topic she has written about.
• A recent New York Times article by the economist Tyler Cowen argued that "assertive mating" – where people of similar class and educational backgrounds marry – is contributing to income inequality. Natalia pointed to Nancy Cott's Public Vows as an indispensable guide to the history of marriage and Christine Whelan's Why Smart Men Marry Smart Women for understanding more about the phenomenon Cowen describes. Neil mentioned the "Princeton mom" who gained notoriety by encouraging Princeton undergraduate women to use their college years to find their husbands. Niki suggested the "opt-out" phenomenon of highly-educated women who choose to be stay-at-home mothers revealed another way income inequality shapes marriage and family choices.
• The murder of Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy gunned down by police while playing with a toy gun in a Cleveland park, has drawn comparisons to Emmett Till, the 14-year-old African-American boy killed by a white mob in Mississippi in 1955 for allegedly whistling at a white woman. Natalia recommended the historian Edward Baptist's recent essay, "Ferguson and Fatherhood," which discusses "The Talk" African-American families have with their sons about how they must protect themselves in public. Natalia also noted that Stacey Patton's tweet comparing Tamir Rice to Ralphie, the white Cleveland boy of the movie "A Christmas Story" who famously plays with his toy guy, became an internet sensation and inspired virulent racist backlash. Neil argued Rice's fate ought to be seen in contrast to the story of Ethan Crouch, the white Texas teenager who killed four people in a drunk driving accident but was found not guilty after his lawyers presented an "affluenza" defense.

In our regular closing feature, What's Making History:

• Natalia discussed Barbara Ehrenreich's essay "The Selfish Side of Gratitude" and the web series, "Namaste, Bitches."
• Neil commented on the absence of Hitler's name in the current national road tour of The Sound of Music.
• Niki recommended the Amicus podcast, particularly its recent "Judging Tribal Courts" episode.

On this week's Past Present bonus episode, Nicole Hemmer, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, and Neil Young discuss life coaches.

Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:

• Life coaching is big business these days, but there's still some confusion about what life coaches actually do. Natalia drew from the sociologist Arlie Hochschild's work on the outsourcing of intimate labor to argue that life coaches are often stand-ins for a reliable friend or professional mentor. Niki noted this was most visible in new services like "Rent-a-Mom."
• Niki cited Julie Golia's research on the rise of advice columns as a helpful way for understanding life coaches. Like Golia's advice columnists, life coaches fulfill and professionalize social functions that once played out in close-knit communities. Neil noted that in a "Bowling Alone" era, life coaches provided an individualized experience of professional authority within a larger culture of community breakdown and anti-institutional sentiments.
• Natalia recommended Susan Faludi's Stiffed for thinking more about the gendered politics of self-help and Barbara Ehrenreich's Bright-Sided for a critical take on the life coaching industry.

On this week's Past Present podcast, Nicole Hemmer, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, and Neil Young discuss the war on Christmas, food politics, and political spouses.

Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:

• The "war on Christmas" has become a regular part of the holiday season. The conservative website Newsmax has catalogued the big offenders of 2015. Neil argued the "war on Christmas" is largely a media phenomenon, noting that many religious leaders have chosen to ignore the controversy or to argue that the real war on Christmas is the holiday's over-commercialization. Neil also observed that the Puritans outlawed Christmas because the holiday had such decadent celebrations. To read more about the controversial history of Christmas, see Stephen Nissenbaum's The Battle for Christmas.
• A new grocery store venture, Daily Table, seeks to provide low-income consumers with more affordable food by selling about-to-expire foods from farmers and wholesalers. Natalia noted that dates used for food expiration are largely made up and contribute to high rates of food waste. Natalia recommended the book, We the Eaters, and the documentary, A Place at the Table, for thinking more about the politics of food.
• The New York Times' profile of Marco Rubio's wife, Jeanette, is the latest example of our culture's fascination with political spouses. America's First Ladies have played a unique role in national politics, often using their ceremonial functions to extend their husbands' political objectives. Neil noted that spouses play particularly important roles in political campaigns, but that women like Betty Ford and Nancy Reagan were also sometimes seen as liabilities for their husbands.

In our regular closing feature, What's Making History:

• Natalia discussed the history of why American Jews eat Chinese food on Christmas day.
• Neil commented on GQ's profile of the international megachurch, Hillsong.
• Niki explained how in Soviet Russia the Christmas tree became the New Year's tree.

On this week's Past Present podcast, Niki, Natalia, and Neil discuss the sharing economy, affirmative action, and whether Donald Trump is a fascist.

Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:

• Harvard Business School researchers have issued a report about the pattern of racial discrimination in AirBnB. Other scholars and writers have raised additional concerns with the "sharing economy." Niki noted the historical example of early twentieth century urban dwellers who took boarders to earn extra money, as depicted in the 1925 Anzia Yezierska novel Bread Givers. Natalia suggested Nick Grossman's "gig economy" was a more accurate term than the "sharing economy" to capture how Americans are working and earning money today.
• Affirmative action is back in the news as the Supreme Court hears Abigail Fisher's lawsuit against the University of Texas. Listen here for Justice Antonin Scalia's controversial remarks during oral arguments last week. Neil noted the admissions data concerning Fisher's application disproved the argument she had faced racial discrimination. Niki pointed to the prevalence of "reverse discrimination" language in conservative arguments about affirmative action, such as shown in a recent editorial from the National Review.
• Is Donald Trump a fascist? It's a question a lot of people have been asking, but Niki noted a Vox roundtable of historians had concluded he was not. Natalia added the historian Federico Finchelstein's point that in order for Trump to be considered a fascist, he would need to move from advocating discrimination against the "enemy" to proposing their elimination.

In our regular closing feature, What's Making History:

• Natalia discussed Cosmopolitan magazine's response to recent comments from Caitlyn Jenner about how trans women should look.
• Neil recommended Ta-Nehisi Coates' essay in the Atlantic, "Hope and the Historian." Natalia suggested placing Coates' essay in conversation with James Fraser's book, A History of Hope.
• Niki shared her project on the history of holidays at the White House she's been working on for the Miller Center, including stories from the first White House Hanukkah celebration held during George H. W. Bush's presidency and the account of Jackie Kennedy's first Christmas after John F. Kennedy's assassination.

On this week's Past Present podcast, Nicole Hemmer, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, and Neil Young discuss Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan's philanthropic gift, the history of baby names, and "prayer shaming."

Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:

• Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan announced they would donate 99 percent of their Facebook shares to charity, totaling some $45 billion. Some observers have been critical of the couple's decision. Niki pointed to Napster founder Sean Parker's manifesto, "Philanthropy for Hackers" as a precursor to this debate. Natalia mentioned that books like Matthew Bishop's Philanthrocapitalism have applauded the way billionaires are devoting themselves more to charitable giving and thereby reshaping the world. We recommend reading the history of philanthropy blog, HistPhil, for more. As a starting point, check out Benjamin Soskis's essay on the Ford Foundation and the Gospel of Wealth.
• The most popular baby names of 2015 have been released, and gender-neutral options and names inspired by Instagram filters have made the list. Natalia reminded us that the bestseller Freakonomics has a chapter devoted to the economic consequences of what parents name their children. Niki shared the baby name generator that allows you to see what your name would be if you had been born at different points in history.
• In the wake of the San Bernardino shooting, the New York Daily News devoted its cover page to attacking Republican politicians who offered "thoughts and prayers" instead of political solutions to the nation's gun crisis. Conservatives lashed back, decrying the rise of liberal "prayer shaming." But Neil argued against the false dichotomy of a religious right and secular left in this debate, pointing out many liberals had offered their prayers while several Christian conservatives had criticized the thoughtless habit of extending "thoughts and prayers" on social media.

In our regular closing feature, What's Making History:

• Natalia discussed Witness Against Torture's viral video, Thanksgiving at Guantanamo.
• Neil recommended the hit BBC television show, The Great British Bake Off.
• Niki shared Mason B. Williams's essay in the Atlantic, "The Crumbling Monuments of the Age of Marble."

On this week's Past Present podcast, Nicole Hemmer, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, and Neil Young discuss the history of refugees, the legacy of Woodrow Wilson, and Instamoms.

Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:

• President Obama tied the Syrian refugee crisis to the story of the Pilgrims in a recent radio address to move Americans to support their entry to the US. The Washington Post's image of a young refugee, Niki argued, was meant in part to elicit American sympathy, but throughout history Americans have seldom welcomed refugees into the nation. Natalia noted the lowest point of this history may have been when the US rejected the admission of European Jews in the years leading up to World War II. Neil pointed out that moment has been humanized by the account of Anne Frank's family being denied entry as refugees.
• Princeton students have demanded the university remove Woodrow Wilson's name from campus sites because of his racist acts as president. Natalia agreed with historian Nathan Connolly's request that we "write segregation and race into the story, not to write the racists out of it." She also recommended the historian Jonathan Zimmerman's Politico article that encouraged Princeton students to reckon more with Wilson's complicated example.
• "Instamoms," like @Taylensmom, are the newest social media phenomena. But are these digital parents just the latest version of the stage mom? Natalia suggested Viviana Zelizer's classic, Pricing the Priceless Child, provided a useful way for thinking about the changing social value of children in America.

In our regular closing feature, What's Making History:

• Natalia recommended Sarah Hepola's memoir, Blackout: Remembering the Things I Drank to Forget.
• Neil discussed why Americans spoke with the accent they did in the 1930s and what 100 years of photographs reveal about the history of smiling.
• Niki shared the new Amazon series The Man in the High Castle as a way of thinking about the meaning of fascism in American politics.

On this week's Past Present podcast, Nicole Hemmer, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, and Neil Young discuss Thanksgiving food, the controversial history of football, and Black Friday.

Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:

• At the first Thanksgiving meal in 1621, the colonists and Native Americans probably didn't eat turkey, but food has always been important to the holiday. Niki noted that the CBS documentary, Harvest of Shame, broadcast the day after Thanksgiving in 1960, showed the political dimensions of food as it highlighted the plight of America's migrant farm workers. Natalia observed that contemporary conversations about food politics have been shaped in large part by the writings of Michael Pollan.
• Football has been played on Thanksgiving Day almost as long as the holiday has been observed. Neil pointed out football has always been controversial because of the violent nature of the game, resulting in the death of 18 players in 1905 alone. Natalia suggested Gail Bederman's book, Manliness and Civilization, for thinking about football historically, but also recommended Ariel Levy's New Yorker article about Steubenville and Malcolm Gladwell's essay comparing football to dogfighting for grappling with the game's current controversies.
• "Black Friday" didn't always refer to a day of excessive shopping following Thanksgiving. But now that it does, some stores are opting out of the day's frenzy or at least refusing to open on Thanksgiving.

In our regular closing feature, What's Making History:

• Natalia discussed the cancellation of free yoga classes at the University of Ottawa because of fears over "cultural appropriation."
• Neil explored the unexpected history of the Thanksgiving hymn, "We Gather Together."
• Niki educated us on the cranberry scare of 1959.

On this week's Past Present podcast, Nicole Hemmer, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, and Neil Young discuss the campus protests at Mizzou and Yale, Tinder and online dating, and the politics of immigration.

Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:

• Protests at the University of Missouri, Yale, and other schools have erupted over issues regarding racism on college campuses today. At Mizzou, the university's troubled history of racism has shaped the most recent events. Niki mentioned that classic works like Alan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind and Dinesh D'Souza's Illiberal Education made the idea of "political correctness" the prevailing conservative interpretation of university politics and has shaped the current conversation regarding free speech on campus.
• The dating app Tinder has updated its features to allow users to add job and education information to their profiles. Dating in the internet age has occasioned all sorts of worries about how technology is changing modern romance, but Natalia pointed out there are many continuities with courtship practices across the twentieth century. Natalia noted the works of scholars like Paula Fass and Mary McComb show some of the same practices we think of as created by the internet, such as rating your date, go back to the 1920s.
• Immigration has emerged as one of the biggest issues in the 2016 presidential race. Niki has recently written about how immigration has become the most important issue in the Republican race for the nomination, and she cited Mae Ngai's history of illegal aliens, Impossible Subjects, as an important work that has shaped her thinking regarding the history of immigration in America.

In our regular closing feature, What's Making History:

• Natalia recommended Aziz Ansari's new Netflix show, Master of None, in part for how it portrays race in America today.
• Neil suggested two readings on Charles Schulz and his famous comic strip to accompany the new Peanuts movie. Neil recommended David Michaelis' 2007 biography Schulz and Peanuts and Sarah Boxer's recent Atlantic article, "The Exemplary Narcissism of Snoopy."
• Niki discussed Jill Lepore's New Yorker article on the history of polling.

On this week's Past Present podcast, Nicole Hemmer, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, and Neil Young discuss Jeb Bush and the history of frontrunners, the modern period, and trigger warnings.

Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:

• Jeb Bush was the presumed frontrunner for the Republican nomination for president in 2016, but he's quickly lost the top spot in the campaign. Frontrunners have often been unable to secure their party's nomination. Neil tracked "frontrunner" on Google's Ngram Viewer and found it was first used in 1924, but until 1960 it was mostly used in the context of horseracing. Niki noted that the jump of "frontrunner" language from horseracing to politics after 1960 was in keeping with what a 2012 Atlantic article had called the "Sports Center-ization" of political journalism.
• Menstruation has a long history. Some women are practicing "free bleeding" as a feminist project to reclaim the period from its history of shame and taboo. Natalia recommended Lara Freidenfelds' history of menstruation in the twentieth century and an Atlantic article about the history of the tampon. The marketing of tampons and other feminine hygiene products have changed remarkably in recent years, perhaps most clearly in the humorous Camp Gyno ads for the tampon subscription service, HelloFlo.
• The controversy over "trigger warnings" on college campuses today has become a hot media topic, but is it a real phenomenon? A recent Atlantic article by Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt lamenting the "coddling of the American mind" certainly seemed to think so. While liberal students in the 1960s protested for greater free speech on campus, liberal students today have called on universities to limit and publish offensive speech for the purposes of ensuring a "safe space." Natalia noted this had also transformed how college students are dealing with sexual assault on campus, holding universities more accountable for these crimes than the perpetrators, a development Natalia has written about for the Notches blog.

In our regular closing feature, What's Making History:

• Natalia discussed SeaWorld San Diego's decision to end its killer whale performances after protests following the release of the 2013 documentary "Black Fish."
• Neil commented on the defeat of the Houston Equal Rights Ordinance (HERO) last week, a nondiscrimination measure that opponents termed the "bathroom bill." Neil wrote for Slate last week that conservative activists have used fears over public restrooms to defeat equal rights measures since the 1970s.

• Niki shared an article that asserted the ballpoint pen, rather than the computer, was what killed cursive writing.

On this week's Past Present podcast, Nicole Hemmer, Natalia Mehlman Petrzela, and Neil Young discuss Benghazi and the history of Congressional hearings, Ben Carson and black Republicans, and the state of reality TV today.

Here are some links and references mentioned during this week's show:

• Hillary Clinton's testimony before the Congressional committee on Benghazi is just the latest event in a Congressional investigation that has lasted 72 months, inviting comparison to other Congressional hearings, including the Army-McCarthy hearings of 1954, Watergate, and the Iran-Contra affair. Natalia remarked that liberal media outlets, like the New Yorker, have concluded Clinton emerged triumphant from the hearings, while Neil noted that Fox News had cut away from its broadcast of the hearings once the Republicans appeared to have bungled their case against Clinton.
• Ben Carson has emerged as a frontrunner for the Republican nomination for president, but African-American Republicans are an increasingly rare group. Niki recommended Leah Wright Rigueur's book, The Loneliness of the Black Republican, as an excellent recent history of black conservatives and the party of Lincoln.
• American Idol and Survivor are slumping in the ratings, but is reality TV dead? Neil argued no, pointing to the proliferation of reality TV shows that continue to blanket the airwaves. The history of reality TV is a complicated one, however, in part because no one seems to agree on what exactly defines the genre.

In our regular closing feature, What's Making History:

• Natalia commented on the controversy at the University of Louisville where the school's president and other administrators wore stereotypical Mexican costumes to a staff Halloween party.
• Neil noted the record established on October 28 that the U.S. had gone 18,967 days without a president dying in office since John F. Kennedy's assassination in 1963. The previous record of 18,966 lasted between George Washington's inauguration in 1789 and William Henry Harrison's death in 1841.
• Niki discussed Paul Ryan's ascension to the speakership and explained why Speakers of the House almost never make it to the Oval Office.