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A cat peeing outside the box isn’t a grudge - it’s often pain. We bring back Dr. Gina Rendon, Medical Director of Williamsburg Vets, to decode FLUTD and idiopathic feline cystitis and show how stress biology, environment, and hydration collide to shape behavior. If you’ve wrestled with “inappropriate urination,” this conversation reframes the problem with compassion and clear next steps.

We break down how stress hormones can strip the bladder’s protective layer, why male cats face higher obstruction risk, and the subtle signs most people miss - over-grooming, tiny clumps, frequent box trips, or blood in the urine. We also explain exactly when urinary signs become an emergency, what evidence-based diagnostics look like, and why “just give antibiotics” is outdated and risky in an era of antimicrobial resistance.

From there, we get practical. Hydration-first management, wet food over dry, and multiple water stations can transform outcomes by reducing urine concentration. Environmental enrichment matters just as much: tall perches, safe pathways, duplicated resources, and daily play that taps a cat’s predatory motor pattern. For bright, anxious cats, clicker training adds mental work and predictable rewards. We also explore short-term anxiolytics for predictable stressors like travel or holidays and how multi-cat micro-tensions can quietly undermine litter box habits.

You’ll leave with a checklist you can act on today and trusted resources like the Ohio State Indoor Cat Initiative and iCatCare to go deeper. If this helped, subscribe, share with a fellow cat guardian, and leave a quick review so more people can find the show. Your support keeps these evidence-based conversations coming.