Doug McHoney (PwC’s International Tax Services Global Leader) is joined by Raza Janjua, a Director in PwC’s ITS practice in New York and author of a recent article on Pillar Two hybrid arbitrage arrangements. Doug and Raza discuss the BEPS Action 2 origins and ATAD 2 implementation; how Pillar Two’s simplified safe harbors spawned detailed hybrid arbitrage rules; the core categories—deduction–non‑inclusion, duplicate loss, and duplicate tax recognition; real‑world traps like preferred equity treated as book debt, FX‑driven mismatches, valuation‑allowance hypotheticals, cash pools and back‑to‑backs; narrow dual‑inclusion relief and why it should be jurisdiction‑level; CFC‑regime interactions; retroactivity and early adoption; and what future administrative guidance and the G7 architecture could mean for US rules such as Sections 245A(e), 267A, and the DCL regime.