Kříženci jsou zdravější než čistokrevní psi — tohle tvrzení jste určitě slyšeli. Ale je to pravda? Podíváme se, co se za tímhle názorem skrývá, a co říkají studie, které se tím přímo zabývají.

web: poznejpsa.cz

Zdroje:

1) Bannasch D., Famula T., Donner J., et al. (2021). The effect of inbreeding, body size and morphology on health in dog breeds. Canine Medicine and Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-021-00111-4

2) Axelsson E., Ljungvall I., Bhoumik P., et al. (2021). The genetic consequences of dog breed formation—Accumulation of deleterious genetic variation and fixation of mutations associated with myxomatous mitral valve disease in cavalier King Charles spaniels. PLOS Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009726

3) Summers J. F., Diesel G., Asher L., et al. (2010). Inherited defects in pedigree dogs. Part 2: Disorders that are not related to breed standards. The Veterinary Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.11.002

4) Donner J., Anderson H., Davison S., et al. (2018). Frequency and distribution of 152 genetic disease variants in over 100,000 mixed breed and purebred dogs. PLOS Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007361

5) Nicholas F. W., Arnott E. R., McGreevy P. D. (2016). Hybrid vigour in dogs? The Veterinary Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.013

6) Batcher K., Dickinson P., Giuffrida M., et al. (2019). Phenotypic Effects of FGF4 Retrogenes on Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs. Genes. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10060435

7) Bryson G. T., O'Neill D. G., Belshaw Z., Brand C. L., Packer R. M. A. (2026). Comparing undesirable behaviours between 'designer' Poodle-cross dogs and their purebred progenitor breeds. PLOS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0342847

8) Morrill K., Hekman J., Li X., McClure J., Logan B., Goodman L., Gao M., Dong Y., Alonso M., Carmichael E., Snyder-Mackler N., Alonso J., Noh H. J., Johnson J., Koltookian M., Lieu C., Megquier K., Swofford R., Turner-Maier J., White M. E., Weng Z., Colubri A., Genereux D. P., Lord K. A., Karlsson E. K. (2022). Ancestry-inclusive dog genomics challenges popular breed stereotypes. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk0639

9) Frankham R., Ballou J. D., Eldridge M. D. B., Lacy R. C., Ralls K., Dudash M. R., Fenster C. B. (2011). Predicting the probability of outbreeding depression. Conservation Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01662.x

10) O'Neill D. G., Church D. B., McGreevy P. D., Thomson P. C., Brodbelt D. C. (2014). Approaches to canine health surveillance. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-6687-1-2

11) Sánchez-Vizcaíno F., Noble P. J. M., Jones P. H., Menacere T., Buchan I., Reynolds S., Dawson S., Gaskell R. M., Everitt S., Radford A. D. (2017). Demographics of dogs, cats, and rabbits attending veterinary practices in Great Britain as recorded in their electronic health records. BMC Veterinary Research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1138-9

12) Bellumori T. P., Famula T. R., Bannasch D. L., Belanger J. M., Oberbauer A. M. (2013). Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995–2010). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.11.1549

13) O'Neill D. G., Church D. B., McGreevy P. D., Thomson P. C., Brodbelt D. C. (2014). Prevalence of Disorders Recorded in Dogs Attending Primary-Care Veterinary Practices in England. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090501

14) Forsyth K. K., McCoy B. M., Schmid S. M., Promislow D. E. L., Snyder-Mackler N. and the DAP Consortium. (2023). Lifetime prevalence of owner-reported medical conditions in the 25 most common dog breeds in the Dog Aging Project pack. Front. Vet. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1140417

Welfare zvířat je téma, které tu máme dlouho — ale mezi běžnými majiteli se o něm mluví málo. Co vlastně welfare znamená, kde jsou jeho hranice a jak ho můžeme podpořit my sami? Web: ⁠www.poznejpsa.cz⁠

Zdroje:

1) van der Staay F. J., Goerlich V. C., Meijboom F. L., Arndt S. S. (2025). Animal welfare definitions, frameworks, and assessment tools: Advancing the measurement and laying the foundation for improved animal welfare through a three-step approach. Animal welfare (South Mimms, England). https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2025.23

2) Ochrana pohody zvířat – welfare. Státní veterinární správa. https://www.svscr.cz/zdravi-zvirat/ochrana-pohody-zvirat-welfare/

3) Šťastná E. (2021). Welfare zvířat. Ústav ochrany zvířat a welfare. https://www.uozw.cz/welfare-zvirat-2/

4) Lauwereyns J., Bajramovic J., Bert B. et al. (2024). Toward a common interpretation of the 3Rs principles in animal research. Lab Anim. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41684-024-01476-2

5) Rault J-L., Bateson M., Boissy A., et al. (2025) A consensus on the definition of positive animal welfare. Biol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0382

Moderní psí plemena jsou stará sotva 200 let.j Jak vznikla, proč záleželo víc na papíře než na psovi samotném — a co z toho neseme dodnes? Podíváme se do Británie 19. století, kde průmyslová revoluce, třídní rivalita a touha po statusu změnily chov psů víc než předchozích deset tisíc let.Web: ⁠www.poznejpsa.czZdroje:

1) Jung C., Pörtl D. (2019). How old are (pet) dog breeds? Pet Behaviour Science. https://doi.org/10.21071/pbs.v0i7.11494

2) Parker H. G. (2012). Genomic analyses of modern dog breeds. Mamm Genome. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-011-9387-6

3) Ritvo, H. (1986). Pride and pedigree: The evolution of the Victorian dog fancy. Victorian studies. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3826951

4) Worboys M., Strange J. M., Pemberton N. (2018). The Invention of the Modern Dog Breed and Blood in Victorian Britain. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN: 9781421426594

5) Battersea. https://www.battersea.org.uk/about-us

6) Menor-Campos D. J. (2024). Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding. Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050756

7) Proschowsky H. F., Arendt M. L., Bonnett B. N., Bruun C. S., Czycholl I., Fredholm M., O’Neill D., Serpell j. A., Sandøe P. (2025). A new future for dog breeding. Animal Welfare, https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2024.66

8) Paul E. S., Packer R. M., McGreevy P. D., Coombe E., Mendl E., Neville V. (2023). That brachycephalic look: Infant-like facial appearance in short-muzzled dog breeds. Animal Welfare. https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2022.6

9) Bognár Z., Kawaguchi Y., Nakamura K., Kubinyi E. (2025). Selective attraction to shorter muzzles in dogs is a hidden driver of the brachycephalic welfare crisis. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16562-9

10) Vidya T. N. C. (2018). Supernormal Stimuli and Responses. Resonance-Journal Of Science Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-018-0688-x

Jak jsme v průběhu času ovlivňovali naše psy – a kdy se ztoho stal záměr?

V 1. části si projdeme víc než 10 000 let společné historie,od paleolitu až po 18. století, a podíváme se na to, jak se psi postupně měnili.

https://www.poznejpsa.cz/

Zdroje:

1) Jung C., Pörtl D. (2019). How old are (pet) dog breeds? Pet Behaviour Science. https://doi.org/10.21071/pbs.v0i7.11494

2) Pitulko V. V., Kasparov A. K. (2017). Archaeological dogs from the Early Holocene Zhokhov site in the Eastern Siberian Arctic. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.04.003

3) Horard-Herbin M. P., Tresset A., Vigne J. D. (2014). Domestication and uses of the dog in western Europe from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age. Animal Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.2527/af.2014-0018

4) Recht L., Tsouparopoulou C. (eds.). (2021). Fierce lions, angry mice and fat-tailed sheep: Animal encounters in the ancient Near East. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN: 978-1-913344-05-4

5) Abdelwahed Y. (2017). More The Pets: Dogs In Graeco-Roman Egypt. Journal of Faculty of Tourism and Hotels -University of Sadat City. https://mfth.journals.ekb.eg/article_26635_9d0fca120569ed621c7a77666f8d4b0e.pdf?lang=en

6) Ikram S. (2013). Man's Best Friend For Eternity: Dog And Human burials In Ancient Egypt. BioOne. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/az2013n2a8

7) Klemettilä H. (2015). Animals and Hunters in the Late Middle Ages: Evidence from the BnF MS fr. 616 of the Livre de chasse by Gaston Fébus. Routledge. ISBN: 978-1-315-73141-4

8) Parker H. G. (2012). Genomic analyses of modern dog breeds. Mamm Genome. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-011-9387-6

9) Ritvo, H. (1986). Pride and pedigree: The evolution of the Victorian dog fancy. Victorian studies. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3826951

10) Worboys M., Strange J. M., Pemberton N. (2018). The Invention of the Modern Dog Breed and Blood in Victorian Britain. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN: 9781421426594

Chování psů nevzniklo náhodou – formovaly ho tisíce generací života v různých prostředích. 

V této epizodě se podíváme na jeden z prvních faktorů, který formoval chování dnešních psů – evoluci a přirozený výběr. Co je tlak prostředí, jak vzniká variabilita v populacích a jak může prostředí ovlivňovat vlastnosti i chování zvířat. A také proč některé reakce psů dávají z evolučního hlediska smysl, i když nám lidem někdy komplikují život.

Zdroje:

1) Miklósi A. (2015). Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition. 4th edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978–0–19–104572.

2) Špinka M., Havlíček J., Štolhoferová I., Frynta D. (2024). Etologie. Mechanismy, ontogeneze, funkce a evoluce chování živočichů. Akademia. ISBN:978-80-200-3556-1.

3) Hedrick P. W. (2009). Wolf of a different colour. Heredity. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2009.77 

4) Norwegian Polar Institute. Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). Dostupné z: https://npolar.no/en/species/arctic-fox/ (cit. 5. 3. 2026).

5) Zimova M., Moberg D., L. Mills s., Dietz A. J., Angerbjörn A. (2022). Colour moult phenology and camouflage mismatch in polymorphic populations of Arctic foxes. Biol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0334 

6) Unnsteinsdóttir E. (2022). The Icelandic Arctic fox I - Population dynamics, conservation and hunting. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360105856_The_Icelandic_Arctic_fox_I_-_Population_dynamics_conservation_and_hunting 

7) Tietgen L., Hagen I. J., Kleven O., Bernardi C. D., Kvalnes T., Norén K., Hasselgren M., Wallén J. F., Angerbjörn A., Landa A., Eide N. E., Flagstad Ø., Jensen H. (2021). Fur colour in the Arctic fox: genetic architecture and consequences for fitness. Proceedings. Biological sciences. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1452 

8) Trindade Maia R., de Araújo Campos M. (2021). Introductory Chapter: The Source of Biological Diversity. Genetic Variation. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96499 

9) Cook L. M., Grant B. S., Saccheri I. J., Mallet J. (2012). Selective bird predation on the peppered moth: the last experiment of Michael Majerus. Biol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1136 

10) Gehrt S. D., Brown J. L., Anchor C. (2011). Is the Urban Coyote a Misanthropic Synanthrope? T he Case from Chicago. Cities and the Environment (CATE). https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol4/iss1/3 

11) Breck S. W., Poessel S., Mahoney P., Young J. K. (2019). The intrepid urban coyote: a comparison of bold and exploratory behavior in coyotes from urban and rural environments. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-38543-5 

12) Bateman P. W., Fleming P. A. (2012). Big city life: carnivores in urban environments. Journal of Zoology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00887.x 

13) Stephens-Lewis D., Johnson A., Turley N., Naydorf-Hannis R., Scurlock-Evans L., Schenke K. C. (2022). Understanding Canine 'Reactivity': Species-Specific Behaviour or Human Inconvenience? Předtisk. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/g24dm 

14) Crane A. L., Brown G. E., Chivers D. P., Ferrari, M. C. O. (2020). An ecological framework of neophobia: from cells to organisms to populations. Biol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12560 

V této epizodě se podíváme na slavné Beljajevovy lišky – dlouhodobý chov, který měl ukázat, co se stane, když vybíráme zvířata pouze podle jejich chování k člověku. Jak rychle se mohou objevit změny podobné těm, které známe od psů? A opravdu tím vysvětlíme proces domestikace, nebo je realita složitější? 

Zdroje: 

1) Belyaev D. K. (1979). Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. The Journal of Heredity.

2) Dugatkin L. A. (2018). The silver fox domestication experiment. Evo Edu Outreach. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12052-018-0090-x 

3) Trut L., Oskina I., Kharlamova A. (2009). Animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model. BioEssays: news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.200800070 

4) Trut L. N., Plyusnina I. Z., Oskina I. N. (2004). An Experiment on Fox Domestication and Debatable Issues of Evolution of the Dog. Russian Journal of Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RUGE.0000033312.92773.c1 

5) Trut L. (1999). Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment. American Scientist. https://www.americanscientist.org/article/early-canid-domestication-the-farm-fox-experiment 

6) Dugatkin L. A., Dugatkin A. (2024). The Daring Russian Geneticist Whose Experiments on Silver Foxes Explained Domestication Has Died. Sci Am. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-daring-russian-geneticist-whose-experiments-on-silver-foxes-explained/ 

7) Wang X., Pipes L., Trut L. N., Herbeck Y., Vladimirova A. V., Gulevich R. G., Kharlamova A. V., Johnson J. L., Acland G. M., Kukekova A. V., Clark A. G. (2018). Genomic responses to selection for tame/aggressive behaviors in the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800889115 

8) Kukekova A. V., Trut L. N., Chase K. et al. (2008). Measurement of Segregating Behaviors in Experimental Silver Fox Pedigrees. Behav. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-007-9180-1 

9) Mukhamedshina I.A., Kharlamova A.V. (2024). Does Long-Term Selection for Reactions to Humans Affect Decision-Making during Learning in Foxes?. Neurosci Behav Physi. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-024-01738-z 

10) Lord K. A., Larson G., Coppinger R. P., Karlsson E. K. (2020). The History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011 

11) Albert F. W., Carlborg O., Plyusnina I., Besnier F., Hedwig D., Lautenschläger S., Lorenz D., McIntosh J., Neumann C., Richter H., Zeising C., Kozhemyakina R., Shchepina O., Kratzsch J., Trut L., Teupser D., Thiery J., Schöneberg T., Andersson L., Pääbo S. (2009). Genetic architecture of tameness in a rat model of animal domestication. Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.102186 

12) Tancredi D., Cardinali I. (2023). Being a dog: a review of the domestication process. Genes. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14050992 

13) Wilkins A. S., Wrangham R. W., Fitch W. T. (2014). The "Domestication Syndrome" in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics. Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.165423 

Videa z experimentu: 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-L58NPPQ5eI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzTcmE-pMLU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sPNYfGmxyA&t=61s

Krátce o mitochondriální DNA a chromozomu Y a o tom, proč se právě tyto části genetické informace používají ke sledování původu. Web: www.poznejpsa.cz

Zdroje: 

Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Walter P. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21054/ 

Sato M., Sato K. (2013). Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA by diverse mechanisms to eliminate paternal mitochondrial DNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.010 

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Canis lupus familiaris Annotation Release 104. Accessed 2026. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/annotation_euk/Canis_lupus_familiaris/104/ 

Khedkar S. (2025). Mitochondrial DNA: A Maternal Legacy That Helps Trace the Past and Diagnose the Future. The Scientist. https://www.the-scientist.com/mitochondrial-dna-a-maternal-legacy-that-helps-trace-the-past-and-diagnose-the-future-72983 

Rizzi E., Lari M., Gigli E., De Bellis G., Caramelli D. (2012). Ancient DNA studies: new perspectives on old samples. Genetics, selection, evolution. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-44-21 

Kdy, kde a jak proběhla domestikace psa? Povídání o tom, co víme — i nevíme dnes.   Web: www.poznejpsa.cz

Zdroje:

1) Elzinga D. C., Kulwicki R., Iselin S., Spence L., Capaldi A. (2025). Rapid evolution of prehistoric dogs from wolves by natural and sexual selection emerges from an agent-based model. Proc. R. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2024.2646 

2) Serpell J. A. (2021). Commensalism or Cross-Species Adoption? A Critical Review of Theories of Wolf Domestication. Front. Vet. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.662370 

3) Tancredi D., Cardinali I. (2023). Being a dog: a review of the domestication process. Genes. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14050992 

4) Ryabinina O. M., Politov D. V. (2025). Origin of Domestic Dogs in Light of Recent Genetic Data. Russ J Genet. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795425700747 

5) Janssens L., Giemsch L., Schmitz R., Street M., Van Dongen S., Crombé P. (2018). A new look at an old dog: Bonn-Oberkassel reconsidered. Journal of Archaeological Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004 

6) Germonpré M., Lázničková-Galetová M., Sablin M. V. (2012). Palaeolithic dog skulls at the Gravettian Předmostí site, the Czech Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.09.022 

7) Prassack K. A., DuBois J., Lázničková-Galetová M., Germonpré M., Ungar P. S. (2020). Dental microwear as a behavioral proxy for distinguishing between canids at the Upper Paleolithic (Gravettian) site of Předmostí, Czech Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105092 

8) Janssens L. A., Boudadi-Maligne M., Mech L. D., Lawler D. F. (2021). The enigma of the Předmostí protodogs. A comment on Prassack et al. 2020. Journal of Archaeological Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105160 

9) Bergström A., Stanton D. W. G., Taron U. H. et al. (2022). Grey wolf genomic history reveals a dual ancestry of dogs. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04824-9 

10) Bergström A., Frantz L., Schmidt R., et al. (2020). Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9572 

11) Perri A. R., Feuerborn T. R., Frantz L. A. F., Larson G., Malhi R. S., Meltzer D. J., Witt K.E. (2021). Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010083118 

12) Shipman P. (2021). What the dingo says about dog domestication. The Anatomical Record. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24517