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Al D'Amato served as a Republican U.S. Senator from New York from 1981 to 1999. Born in Brooklyn in 1937 of Italian ancestry and raised in Island Park on Long Island, he earned a law degree at Syracuse University and worked his way up through Nassau County politics as public administrator, Hempstead tax assessor, town supervisor and vice chair of the county Board of Supervisors. In 1980 he beat four term incumbent Jacob Javits in the Republican primary with about 56 percent, then won the general election with a 45 percent plurality after Javits stayed in on the Liberal Party line and split the vote with Democrat Elizabeth Holtzman. In the Senate he became known as Senator Pothole for relentless constituent service, and he staged filibusters that rank as the third and 11th longest in Senate history.

His record mixed Long Island conservatism, including support for the death penalty and votes to confirm Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas, with votes for the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday, the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 and, in 1993, allowing openly gay people to serve in the military. As Banking Committee chair he led the Senate Special Whitewater Committee in 1995 and 1996 and pressed Swiss banks to return funds belonging to Holocaust survivors. Chuck Schumer defeated him 54 to 44 percent in 1998. Afterward he founded the lobbying firm Park Strategies, wrote the memoir Power, Pasta, and Politics, worked as a Fox News analyst, and went through a bitter, heavily covered separation and custody fight with his second wife.

• In 1986 he held the Senate floor for about 23 and a half hours against a military bill, reading from the District of Columbia telephone directory.
• In 1992 he sang South of the Border on the Senate floor while stalling a bill that threatened 750 jobs in upstate New York.
• He stabbed a poster of a dinosaur he called Taxisaurus Rex with an oversized pencil to protest the tax burden.
• In his 1998 race against Schumer he earned the endorsement of the Human Rights Campaign.
• In 2017, at age 80, he was removed from a JetBlue flight delayed six times after urging passengers to walk off, and later apologized.

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William Beebe (1877 to 1962) grew up in New Jersey shooting and stuffing birds, taught himself taxidermy, and left Columbia University just short of a degree. In 1899 the new Bronx Zoo hired him as assistant curator of ornithology, and he pushed for a flying cage built over living trees and pools so birds could behave naturally. After a 1904 horseback trip through Mexico with his first wife, Blair, he argued for watching animals live rather than collecting them. Befriended by Theodore Roosevelt, he set out in 1909 on a 17 month expedition funded by Anthony Kuser to document every wild pheasant species, crossing the Himalayas, Southeast Asia, and China, and his observations of sexual dimorphism suggested evolution could move in rapid bursts. The trip was a personal disaster: he fell into depression in Burma, recovered by binge reading pulp novels, fired the illustrators, and Blair divorced him in Reno, then married their neighbor a week later. He erased her from his award winning pheasant monograph.

After working as an aerial photographer in World War I, he set up a station in British Guiana and pioneered the jungle micro study, cataloging every living thing in a few yards of rainforest from canopy to soil. Dredged ocean samples frustrated him, and with engineer Otis Barton he descended in the bathysphere to 3,028 feet off Bermuda in 1934, phoning descriptions to the surface for live radio as critics demanded type specimens. He later married novelist Elswyth Thane in an open arrangement, bought the Simla estate in Trinidad, and left his papers to assistant Jocelyn Crane to keep his wife from writing his biography.

• Stuck in a chair with a broken leg in Venezuela, he recorded bat falcon chicks in the first documented case of wild birds at play.
• At Simla he judged visiting scientists by whether they recognized his Winnie the Pooh statues.
• His 1915 Tetrapteryx theory of four winged bird ancestors was vindicated by the Microraptor fossils found in China.
• Blair accused him of threatening to drown, shoot, or cut his own throat during the expedition.
• Rachel Carson dedicated one of her early works to Beebe.

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In 2021 fishermen off Yemen hauled in a crusty 280 pound lump worth $1.5 million: ambergris. It forms when the indigestible chitin beaks of giant squid irritate a sperm whale's gut and the bile ducts coat them in a cholesterol rich wax, much as an oyster coats sand to make a pearl, and researchers often find beaks inside. Only about 1 percent of sperm whales produce it. Small masses pass with feces, while giant ones may cause a fatal blockage and escape only after the whale dies. Fresh ambergris is pale, smells strongly fecal, and is worthless. Because its specific gravity is about 0.780 to 0.926, it floats for years, and sun and seawater break it down through photodegradation and oxidation into a dense gray or black lump with a sweet, earthy, marine scent.

The name comes from the Arabic anbar via Old French for gray amber, before fossil tree resin took over the word amber. In 1946 chemists Leopold Ruzicka and Fernand Lardon isolated its main component, the odorless terpenoid ambrein, which sunlight splits into the scented compounds ambroxide and ambrinol. Perfumers value it as a fixative that slows evaporation, and it once flavored King Charles II's favorite eggs, hot chocolate, Turkish coffee, and a rum shrub, while Europeans carried it in pomanders against plague under the miasma theory. Commercial whaling at up to 50,000 whales a year led to the 1982 moratorium. CITES does not cover animal waste, so the UK, France, Switzerland, and the Maldives allow trade, but the US, Australia, and India ban it, and most perfumes now use lab made Ambroxan.

• Fossilized ambergris has been found in marine deposits 1.75 million years old.
• Hunters train dogs, with up to 300 million scent receptors, to find it on beaches.
• The English form ambergrease grew from the substance's waxy, fatty feel.
• Pre colonial Maori in New Zealand called it mimiha and chewed it.
• Natural ambergris stays pricey as a Veblen good, valued for the improbable story behind each lump.

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A 2014 translation of a 4,000 year old Babylonian cuneiform tablet revealed the oldest known ark instructions, in which the god Enki tells Atra-Hasis to build not a pointed ship but a giant round, waterproofed basket. That shape is the coracle, from the Welsh corwgl: split willow rods woven into a lattice, tied with willow bark, and covered with horse or bullock hide and tar, later with tarred canvas, calico, or fiberglass. With no keel it sits on the water rather than in it and floats in a few inches. Designs varied by river: Teifi coracles are flat bottomed, built of willow and hazel without nails, to slide over rocks at Cenarth Falls, while Tywi coracles in Carmarthen use sawn ash and copper nails for deeper, rounder, tidal work. Paddlers scull a figure eight over the bow, and pairs of coracles drift silently with a net between them, stunning salmon with a club called a priest.

Julius Caesar saw coracles in Britain and had his troops build them in Spain, but British law nearly finished them: an 1863 tax on migratory fish, then 1930s rules that stopped new licenses and barred transfers to heirs. Ethnographer James Hornell recorded the last makers' methods in a 1938 book. Fred Davies retrieved footballs from the River Severn for Shrewsbury Town until 1979, and in 1974 Bernard Thomas paddled a coracle across the English Channel in 13 and a half hours to support the Prince Madoc legend and a link to Mandan bull boats. Relatives appear worldwide, up to Iraq's quffa, 18 feet across and carrying four to five tons.

• A Welsh proverb says the load of a man is his coracle, since fishermen carried them home on their backs.
• Tibet's version used yak skin, and South America's pelota had no frame and folded for horseback travel.
• Vietnam's bamboo thung chai dodged French colonial boat taxes because they had no bow, stern, or keel.
• Southern Indian coracles on the Kaveri and Tungabhadra sandwich LDPE plastic between bamboo, and some at Hogenakkal carry eight tourists.
• Many scholars think baby Moses's basket on the Nile was a small bitumen coated coracle.

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Below 40 degrees south there is no law, and below 50 degrees there is no God, went the sailors' saying. The Roaring Forties blow between 40 and 50 degrees south, fed by the Hadley and Ferrel cells that carry air south from the tropics and bent eastward by the Coriolis effect into a steady westerly stream. Winds average about 22 miles per hour with gusts past 56, and unlike the Northern Hemisphere, where continents and mountains act as brakes, the Southern Ocean offers an unbroken fetch around the globe, interrupted only by Tasmania, New Zealand, and the tip of South America. Wellington, the only major city in these latitudes, earned the name Windy Welly. In 1611 Dutch explorer Hendrik Brouwer dropped south after the Cape of Good Hope and rode these winds east, cutting the voyage from Europe to Java from a year or more to five months and 24 days.

The Dutch East India Company soon made the Brouwer Route mandatory, and captains learned to run their easting down, reefing hard and surfing the swells with the storm astern, some pushing into the Furious Fifties and Screaming Sixties. The winds appear in the 1982 French film The Roaring Forties, inspired by Donald Crowhurst, and still test round the world racers. Comparing whaling era logs with satellite data, meteorologists found the peak wind belt has moved about 2.5 degrees, or roughly 170 miles, toward Antarctica, pushed by ozone loss cooling the polar stratosphere and greenhouse warming in the tropics, and it has sped up.

• Wind swells in these latitudes can reach the height of five story buildings.
• The story Easting Down by Shalimar follows a steamship captain who regrets trying to outsmart the Forties.
• Southwestern Australia around Perth is losing the winter rain fronts that now pass south over open ocean.
• Australia's southern coast is seeing faster winter warming as cooling fronts miss the land.
• Wind farms in New Zealand and Tasmania are built to tap the Roaring Forties for power.

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The equator is set by the planet's shape, but zero longitude has to be chosen. In the second century CE Ptolemy put it at the Fortunate Isles, the western edge of the known world, so every coordinate stayed positive, and the Indian Surya Siddhanta ran its meridian through Ujjain. In 1493 Christopher Columbus found a line in the Atlantic where his compass pointed to true north, and the hope of a magnetic zero shaped the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas and Gerardus Mercator's 1541 globe, until navigators learned magnetic lines curve and drift. Nations then drew their own meridians through Paris, Berlin, Copenhagen, Rome, and Washington. Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne's Nautical Almanac, which precomputed lunar distances from Greenwich, became the standard at sea, and at the 1884 International Meridian Conference 22 of 25 nations chose Greenwich while France abstained and used Paris until 1911.

George Airy's 1851 Transit Circle defined that line, but it was aligned by a plumb line pulled slightly sideways by local terrain. Satellite laser ranging and very long baseline interferometry, which listens to distant quasars, located the Earth's center of mass, and by 1984 the resulting IERS Reference Meridian sat 5.3 arc seconds, about 102 meters, east of the brass line where tourists pose. Other worlds need their own zeros: the crater Airy-0 on Mars, the crater Hun Kal on Mercury, the planet facing side of tidally locked moons, and on Jupiter the rotation of its magnetic field in System III coordinates.

• French translators of Maskelyne's tables crossed out Greenwich and wrote Paris while keeping his math.
• French delegate Pierre Janssen argued for a neutral meridian such as the Bering Strait or the Azores.
• The Greenwich observatory drifts about 2.5 centimeters a year toward the satellite defined line on the Eurasian plate.
• Hun Kal sits where Mercury's sun stops and briefly reverses at noon, the planet's hottest longitude.
• Today's reference meridian passes through the UK, France, Spain, Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Ghana.

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Sailors in the northwestern Indian Ocean have long reported nights when the sea turned into a glowing, snow white plain to the horizon. Unlike the flashing dinoflagellates of breaking waves or Scotland's localized glow, a milky sea is a steady, continuous light from the bacterium Vibrio harveyi, which feeds on decaying organic matter such as a collapsed microalgal bloom. Through quorum sensing, the bacteria switch on their luciferase light together once their numbers pass a threshold, and they crowd the surface for oxygen, giving the glow its opaque look. Around 1615 Captain William Keeling of the East India Company sailed through one near Cape Guardafui, and in 1772 a captain proposed that animalcules were responsible. Between 1915 and 1993 ships logged 235 sightings, mostly off Somalia and around Java and the Banda Sea, tied to monsoon upwelling.

In the late 1800s Bernhard Fischer argued that luminous bacteria were the cause, and in 1985 a research vessel in the Arabian Sea sampled an active event and identified Vibrio harveyi. In 2005 Steven Miller matched a 1995 merchant ship's log with Defense Meteorological Satellite Program images and found a glowing field about the size of Connecticut that lasted three nights. Newer day night band sensors later tracked a 2019 event covering about 100,000 square kilometers for more than 40 nights. The light is actually blue: human rod vision and monochrome satellite sensors both render it white. Scientists now link these events to the Indian Ocean Dipole.

• Milky sea fields can reach about 39,000 square miles, roughly the size of Kentucky.
• Dutch sailors called it the winter sea for its resemblance to snowy fields.
• The Somali name translates roughly as glowing sea creatures.
• Jules Verne sent his submarine through a sea of milk.
• Tracking these blooms from orbit could help show how the ocean food web responds to climate shifts.

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In the first century AD Pliny the Elder recorded that Romans thought the huge triangular stones they found were serpent tongues that fell from the sky during lunar eclipses, and Renaissance nobles dipped these tongue stones in wine to detect poison. In 1616 Fabio Colonna burned one and found carbon, proving it organic, and in the 1660s Nicolas Steno compared them with the teeth of a great white's head and concluded they were ancient shark teeth, a leap that helped found stratigraphy. Otodus megalodon ruled the oceans from about 23 million to 3.58 million years ago. It was long filed with the great white in Carcharodon but now sits in the extinct Otodontidae; its similar teeth are convergent evolution, and it took about 12 million years for the lineage to lose its side cusplets. With a cartilage skeleton, its size comes mostly from teeth: roughly 47 to 80 feet at maximum and 50 to perhaps over 100 metric tons.

Finite element analysis puts its bite at 108,000 to 182,000 newtons, about ten times a modern great white. It rammed whale rib cages, kept its muscles warm with a rete mirabile, and nitrogen and zinc isotopes in its teeth place it higher on the food chain than great whites. Its pups, 6 to 13 feet at birth, grew up in warm, shallow nurseries such as the Gatun Formation in Panama, the Calvert Formation in Maryland, and Bone Valley in Florida. When Pliocene cooling locked water in ice, those nurseries vanished, baleen whales moved to cold polar seas the shark could not tolerate, and smaller, efficient early great whites outcompeted young megalodons. The episode also dismantles the Mariana Trench survival myth.

• A megalodon jaw could open more than 100 degrees and held over 250 teeth in five rows.
• Its teeth were reinforced against the twisting force of head shaking bites.
• Healed compression fractures on fossil whale bones show high speed ramming attacks.
• Growth rings in rare calcified vertebrae suggest a lifespan of 88 to 100 years.
• Its disappearance lifted pressure on baleen whales and may explain the blue whale's giant size.

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On March 26, 2024 the 980 foot, Singapore flagged container ship Dali left the Port of Baltimore at 12:44 a.m. with two harbor pilots aboard. At 1:24 a.m., moving at nearly nine knots in the Fort McHenry channel, it blacked out, losing steering, cooling, bow thrusters, and fuel pumps. An electrician restored low voltage power and an emergency generator returned some steering, but the flushing pump that pressurizes fuel for the main engine had tripped off and needed a manual reset, so the engine never restarted. The crew dropped the port anchor at 1:27 a.m. and the pilot radioed a mayday. Maryland Transportation Authority police stopped traffic at both ends of the Francis Scott Key Bridge in about 90 seconds. At 1:28:45 a.m. the ship hit the southwest pier with an estimated 27 to 52 million pounds of force, and the fracture critical 1977 steel truss bridge fell, killing six of eight maintenance workers who were patching potholes.

The bridge was designed when ships carried two or three thousand containers; the Dali could carry 10,000 and had 4,700 aboard. Baltimore deepened its harbor and added cranes after the 2016 Panama Canal expansion, but the bridge had no protective dolphins because 1990s rules grandfathered it in. The port, the top US port for cars and light trucks for 13 straight years, closed for 11 weeks at a cost of about $15 million a day. The Dali's 21 crew, mostly from India and Sri Lanka, were stuck aboard for months with expired visas and phones seized by the FBI. Owners Grace Ocean and Synergy Marine Group settled with the Justice Department for $102 million and invoked an 1851 law to seek a $43 million liability cap.

• The six workers who died came from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras.
• The bridge carried about 34,000 vehicles a day.
• The FBI opened an inquiry under the Seaman's Manslaughter statute, a steamboat era law.
• Replacement estimates rose from $1.7 to $1.9 billion to between $4.3 and $5.2 billion, with completion planned by late 2030.
• Online commentators baselessly blamed DEI, targeting Mayor Brandon Scott and the ship's crew.

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Box jellyfish, the Cubozoa, were moved out of the true jellyfish in 1973 because they are active hunters rather than drifters. A shelf of tissue called the velarium narrows the bell opening like a thumb over a hose, driving them at up to two meters per second with 180 degree turns in a couple of pulses. They rise into schools of fish and prawns, flip, sink with tentacles spread, and pass prey to the mouth with the pedalia. They range from the thumbnail sized Irukandji to animals of two kilograms with three meter tentacles. Their 24 eyes sit in four clusters called rhopalia and include true eyes with lenses, retinas, and corneas, processed locally with no central brain. A heavy statolith keeps the upper eyes pointing up through Snell's window, so mangrove species can steer by the tree canopy. Pantyhose protects swimmers because the stinging cells fire on chemical cues from human skin.

They grow fast, some by three millimeters a day, and live about three months in the wild. Some species mate through a wedding dance with internal fertilization, and a July 2023 study of Chiropsalmus quadrumanus found eggs at several stages in one female, suggesting repeated breeding. Researchers now map them with environmental DNA. Each tentacle carries around 500,000 cnidocytes loaded with more than 170 toxic proteins that punch holes in red blood cells, flooding the blood with potassium and stopping the heart within minutes. Australia has recorded about 80 deaths in a century, while the Philippines loses an estimated 20 to 40 people a year. Fresh water and urine trigger unfired cells, and vinegar remains the first aid standard after 2016 and 2017 studies overturned a 2014 lab result.

• An adult can carry up to 15 tentacles on each of the four corners of its bell.
• Only box jellyfish among cnidarians are known to perform a courtship wedding dance.
• eDNA sampling filters seawater through cellulose nitrate membranes and matches the DNA with PCR.
• A CRISPR screen found the venom depends on the calcium pump ATP2B1, and cholesterol drugs blocked it in mice within 15 minutes.
• The box jellyfish genome is arranged on eight linear chromosomes.